ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM/TURKEY Mehmet Akif IRMAK, Sevgi YILMAZ, Emral MUTLU, Hasan YILMAZ Ataturk University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment Mehmet Akif IRMAK OUR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ataturk Univ., Architecture and Design, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 25240, Erzurum/ Turkey TEAM mairmak@atauni.edu.tr Sevgi YILMAZ Hasan YILMAZ Emral MUTLU Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Res. Ass. Emral MUTLU Ataturk Univ., Architecture and Design, Dept. of Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Architecture Landscape Architecture, 25240, Erzurum/ Architecture and Design Fac., Ataturk and Design Fac., Ataturk University Turkey University Erzurum, TURKEY sevgiy@atauni.edu.tr; Erzurum, TURKEY emral.mutlu@atauni.edu.tr syilmaz_68@hotmail.com hyilmaz@atauni.edu.tr
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment Along with the increase in urban areas across the globe, studies in the field of climatic comfort improvement have also increased. In particular, efforts to reduce urban heat island have been great in number. Also, studies on providing thermal comfort in urban areas have garnered attention. 3
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment The aim of this study within its scope was to evaluate the effects of ➢ Green areas ➢ Seasonal wetlands ➢ City center on microclimate and on the thermal comfort in the spring and summer periods. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: 4 A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment Urban green spaces contribute to the city's microclimate with wind control, shading, reflection, and transpiration while contributing to the balancing of temperature in winters as well. 5 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment The effects of wetlands on urban microclimate are generally evapotranspiration and heat storage characteristics. Big bodies of water can slow down temperature changes by absorbing the excess heat, and wetlands, therefore, can control the climate around them. 6 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment Urban areas has big effects on urban climate by producing extra heat with their built areas, paved surfaces, dense population, lack of green areas etc. Also, built environment in the city center absorb sunlight and keep them to long time and contribute urban heat island. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD 7 REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment This study was conducted in the city of Erzurum in the northeastern part of Turkey. Erzurum is the city which has ‘ humid continental climate ’ according to the most widely used Köppen climate classification systems. 8 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment The city has also severe winters, warm summers, and strong seasonality. The prevailing weather conditions of the area change through the year. ➢ The mean annual air temperature is 5.6 ° C, ➢ Annual rainfall is measured as 400 mm, ➢ It rains a lot between April and June, ➢ Dry periods are observed as 100 – 150 days in January, February, August, September, and December. ➢ The warmest month of the area is August, with an average temperature of 27.1 ° C. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: 9 A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment ➢ Winter conditions are prevailing for 5 months (in November, December, January, February, and March) with minimum temperatures between; -4.1 ° C / -14.2 ° C ➢ The coldest month is measured as January with an average temperature of − 9.3 ° C ➢ The prevalent wind direction is southwest with a mean annual speed of 2.7 m/s, and the annual sunshine duration is 2500 h ➢ The city is built at an altitude of 1900 m and has the population of about 500,000. 10 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment As the development of winter tourism, the city sprawled toward the Palandoken Skiing Center adjacent to it. Both in the old part of the city, (which contains the historical texture) and in the new settlement areas, there is lack of water-based landscapes and massive green spaces. 11 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
The city of Erzurum and case areas: Ata Botanical Park (Station 1), Seasonal Wetland (Station 2), Erzurum City Center (Station 3). 12 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
May, 2016; images from the station's installation phase City Center Seasonal Wetland Green Area 13
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment With the help of these weather stations, hourly measurements were taken in March and April (when the wetlands are active) and in the warmest months for the city, July and August. The data taken in 2017 consists of: ➢ hourly mean temperature ( ° C) ➢ hourly mean relative humidity (%) ➢ hourly mean wind (m/sec) ➢ hourly mean cloudiness ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD 14 REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment PET (physiological equivalent temperature) values were calculated by using Rayman Software with the climate data obtained from these three meteorological stations. PET was introduced by Höppe and Mayer. PET is defined as the physiological equivalent temperature at any given place and is equivalent to the air temperature at which, in a typical indoor setting, the heat balance of the human body is maintained with core and skin temperatures equal to those under the conditions being assessed. 15 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment PET are climate conditions under which one adapts to the environment using minimal energy, feeling extremely healthy and dynamic. The PET index is an index derived from the human heat energy equation. That is why the PET index is an ideal tool to calculate the bioclimatic comfort of people in different climates. 16 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment RayMan Pro Interface 17
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment PET is a universal index for characterising the thermal bioclimate. Standart subject for PET; 35 years old • Male • 175 cm height • 75 kg weight • Wear a jacket • ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM 18
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment The thermal stress categories of the PET index (Matzarakis et al., 1999) PET ( ° C) Thermal Grade of physiological stress perception < 4 Very cold Extreme cold stress 4.1 – 8.0 Cold Strong cold stress 8.1 – 13.0 Cool Moderate cold stress 13.1 – 18.0 Slightly cool Slight cold stress 18.1 – 23.0 Comfortable No thermal stress 23.1 – 29.0 Slightly warm Slight heat stress 29.1 – 35.0 Warm Moderate heat stress 35.1 – 41.0 Hot Strong heat stress > 41.0 Very hot Extreme heat stress ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM 19
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment Ata Botanic Park, named Station 1 in the study which lies adjacent to the city center of Erzurum, was founded in 2006 and covers an area of approximately 35 hectares. 20 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment Green areas 21
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment Green areas 22
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