1 1 California Air Resources Board California Air Resources Board Engine Certification Workshop - - Engine Certification Workshop Durability and Deterioration Factors Durability and Deterioration Factors March 24, 2010 March 24, 2010
2 2 Applicable Categories Applicable Categories • On On- -Road CA Road CA- -Medium Medium- -Duty Engines (MDE) Duty Engines (MDE) • • On On- -Road Heavy Road Heavy- -Duty Otto Duty Otto- -Cycle Engines (HDOE) Cycle Engines (HDOE) • • On On- -Road Heavy Road Heavy- -Duty Diesel Engines (HDDE) Duty Diesel Engines (HDDE) • • Off Off- -Road Compression Road Compression- -Ignition Engines Ignition Engines • (OFCI-- -- Tier 4i / Tier 4 ) (OFCI Tier 4i / Tier 4 ) • Others (HD Hybrids & Special Cases) Others (HD Hybrids & Special Cases) •
3 3 Workshop Agenda Workshop Agenda • New Emissions Standards New Emissions Standards • • Use of New Emission Control Technologies Use of New Emission Control Technologies • • Engine Durability Program / Generating New DFs Engine Durability Program / Generating New DFs • • Certification Issues Certification Issues •
4 4 New Emissions Standards New Emissions Standards
5 5 New Engine Emissions Standards New Engine Emissions Standards • HDOE (CFR Part 86) • HDOE (CFR Part 86) – Otto FTP Transient Otto FTP Transient – • HDDE (CFR Part 86 and Part 1065) • HDDE (CFR Part 86 and Part 1065) – Diesel FTP Transient Diesel FTP Transient – – SET (ramp SET (ramp- -modal cycle: RMC) modal cycle: RMC) – • OFCI (CFR Part 89 and Part 1039) • OFCI (CFR Part 89 and Part 1039) – Non Non- -road Transient (NRTC) road Transient (NRTC) – – Steady Steady- -State (C1 / D2 / etc.) State (C1 / D2 / etc.) –
6 6 New Emission Control New Emission Control Technologies Technologies
7 7 New Emission Control New Emission Control Technologies Technologies • Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) • • Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) • • Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) •
8 8 EGR EGR • Durability of EGR System Durability of EGR System • • Valves Valves • • By By- -pass controls pass controls • • Coolers Coolers • • Others Others • • Maintenance Intervals Maintenance Intervals • • Deterioration Effects Deterioration Effects •
9 9 DPF DPF • Infrequent Regeneration and Emissions Infrequent Regeneration and Emissions • Adjustment Factors (UAFs/DAFs UAFs/DAFs) ) Adjustment Factors ( • Ash Cleaning Event Ash Cleaning Event • • Operator Commanded Regeneration (OCR) for Operator Commanded Regeneration (OCR) for • DPF is allowed under safe harbor provisions DPF is allowed under safe harbor provisions • See (CHC See (CHC- -2006 2006- -007 007- -1) 1) •
10 10 SCR SCR • SCR system deterioration: SCR system deterioration: • • Linear vs. non- -linear deterioration linear deterioration • Linear vs. non • Interaction w/ upstream and downstream ATD (OC, • Interaction w/ upstream and downstream ATD (OC, DPF, etc) and engine DPF, etc) and engine • Control sensors durability • Control sensors durability • Toxics Toxics • • Copper- -based catalyst based catalyst • Copper • Vanadium catalyst • Vanadium catalyst
11 11 Applicable Regulations Applicable Regulations On- -Road CA Road CA- -Medium Medium- -Duty Engines and Duty Engines and On Heavy- -Duty Otto Duty Otto- -Cycle Engines Cycle Engines Heavy • Exhaust and Evaporative Emissions Compliance Exhaust and Evaporative Emissions Compliance • CCR 1956.8 CCR 1956.8 • 40 CFR Part 86 xxx 40 CFR Part 86 xxx- -026 026 • • Compliance to FUL Compliance to FUL • • Same as before Same as before •
12 12 Applicable Regulations Applicable Regulations On- -Road Heavy Road Heavy- -Duty Diesel and Duty Diesel and On Off- -Road Compression Road Compression- -Ignition Engines Ignition Engines Off • Exhaust and Evaporative Emissions Compliance Exhaust and Evaporative Emissions Compliance • CCR 1956.8 CCR 1956.8 • 40 CFR Part 86xxx 40 CFR Part 86xxx- -026 and Part 1039 026 and Part 1039- -240 240 • • Compliance to FUL Compliance to FUL •
13 13 Certification Requirements Certification Requirements • Engine Durability to Defined Useful Life via Engine Durability to Defined Useful Life via • service accumulation cycle + hours service accumulation cycle + hours • Emissions Compliance to Defined Useful Life via Emissions Compliance to Defined Useful Life via • emissions deterioration factors for emissions deterioration factors for - Exhaust Exhaust - - Evaporative, as applicable Evaporative, as applicable -
Performance and Emissions 14 14 Performance and Emissions Demonstration Demonstration • Engine Durability Requirements Engine Durability Requirements • • Test Protocol and Test Procedures Test Protocol and Test Procedures • • Durability Service Accumulation Cycle Durability Service Accumulation Cycle • • DF Calculations (~100% UL) DF Calculations (~100% UL) • • Scheduled Maintenance and Emissions Testing Scheduled Maintenance and Emissions Testing •
15 15 Service Accumulation Duration Service Accumulation Duration • CA • CA- -MDE MDE FUL = 120k miles FUL = 120k miles • On • On- -Road HDOE Road HDOE FUL = 110k miles FUL = 110k miles • On • On- -Road HDDE Road HDDE LH/MH/HH 50% FUL LH/MH/HH 50% FUL • OFCI • OFCI 50% of FUL 50% of FUL • Optional DF for HHDDE/OFCI:35% FUL + • Optional DF for HHDDE/OFCI:35% FUL +
16 16 2 DFs to be Generated 2 DFs to be Generated One service accumulation cycle producing 2DFs: One service accumulation cycle producing 2DFs: • • HDDE Category (2007+) HDDE Category (2007+) 1. DF1 = FTP Transient Cycle DF1 = FTP Transient Cycle 1. 2. DF2 = ramp DF2 = ramp- -modal cycle (RMC) modal cycle (RMC) 2. • • OFCI Category (Tier4i / Tier4) OFCI Category (Tier4i / Tier4) 1. DF1 = Non DF1 = Non- -Road Transient Cycle (NRTC) Road Transient Cycle (NRTC) 1. 2. DF2 = Steady State DF2 = Steady State 2.
17 17 Emissions Test Points / Intervals Emissions Test Points / Intervals • Minimum of three, equally spaced test Minimum of three, equally spaced test • points, throughout service accumulation points, throughout service accumulation period (recommend every 250 hours) period (recommend every 250 hours) • FTP / NRTC: test sample point = 1 cold start FTP / NRTC: test sample point = 1 cold start • + 3 hot starts + 3 hot starts • RMC / C1 / D2: test sample point = 3 hot RMC / C1 / D2: test sample point = 3 hot • starts starts • Equal sampling at each test sample point Equal sampling at each test sample point •
18 18 Service Accumulation Cycle Service Accumulation Cycle • Service accumulation hours • Service accumulation hours • Transient segments required • Transient segments required • Real • Real- -life or in life or in- -use engine cycle use engine cycle • Emissions testing hours excluded from • Emissions testing hours excluded from total cycle total cycle • Recommend agency pre • Recommend agency pre- -approval approval
19 19 Deterioration Factors Deterioration Factors • Separate Factors for Each Pollutant • Separate Factors for Each Pollutant • Useful Life Projected Values • Useful Life Projected Values • Applied to EDE to Show FUL Compliance • Applied to EDE to Show FUL Compliance
20 20 DF Calculation DF Calculation • Must include all data collected • Must include all data collected • Engines with after • Engines with after- -treatment: Multiplicative treatment: Multiplicative – xxHC xxHC, NOx, CO, HCHO , NOx, CO, HCHO – – PM additive PM additive – • Engines with no after • Engines with no after- -treatment: Additive treatment: Additive • Will consider alternatives • Will consider alternatives
21 21 DF Calculation (continued) DF Calculation (continued) • Individual pollutant with separate DF • Individual pollutant with separate DF • DF for composite • DF for composite xxHC+NOx xxHC+NOx standard standard • May use least • May use least- -square linear regression square linear regression method method • May propose other calculation methodology • May propose other calculation methodology
22 22 Agency Pre- -Approval for Special Approval for Special Agency Pre Cycles / Procedures Cycles / Procedures • Special pre • Special pre- -conditioning procedures conditioning procedures • Special emission test procedures • Special emission test procedures • Any deviation from established protocols • Any deviation from established protocols
23 23 Durability Engine Durability Engine Allowable Maintenance Allowable Maintenance • On On- -Road HDD, HDO, and MDE engines Road HDD, HDO, and MDE engines • • Applicability: 40CFR Part86xxx Applicability: 40CFR Part86xxx- -025 025 • • Highly recommend discussing maintenance Highly recommend discussing maintenance • schedule with agency schedule with agency • May require before and after emissions tests May require before and after emissions tests •
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