Ca Cambodi mbodia: Cit : City Resilie silience, “Chall “Challeng enges es and the and the Way F y Forward” d” Cities for All Conference 2018 at the Cambodia-Korea Cooperation Center (CK CKCC CC) Phnom Penh, November 29-30 Jointly Developed by: Makathy Tep, Ph.D. (Director/Founder CIUS), and Declan O’ Leary (CIUS Advisor) 1
Global Context I • In 2017, 730 natural disaster events were reported • Together with other global drivers • Popu opulatio ion growth, , • Rapid apid urban anisat isatio ion, , • Incr ncreased asset valu lues • Expected to be more frequent and even greater impacts of water- related disasters. 2
Global Context II 3
Regi giona onal C Cont ontext xt • Typ yphoon a and d stor orm e event nts in in Sout outheast Asia ia wil ill l lik ikely be become mo more re extre reme, wi with mo monsoon-rel elated ed precip cipit itat atio ion lik ikely incr increasing ing acr acros oss S Sou outheas ast As Asia ia th re (IPCC 5 (I CC 5 th report) • Also a a num umber er S.E .E Asia ia cou count ntrie ies, in incl clud uding ing Cambod odia, ia, wer ere id iden entif ifie ied as as cl clim imat ate ch chang ange h hotspots ( (IPC IPCC 4 th th rep epor ort), wit ith in incr creas asin ing drought r ris isks This map shows number (>800) of reported “significant/large” disasters in ASEAN countries between January 2012 to July 2017 (ADInet, 2017) 4
Coun untr try C Con ontext xt Cambod odia is is ca categor ories one one of of th the mos most vul ulnerable cou countries in the region and globally (ranked #17) for a number of reasons including • Continued high subsistence agricultural dependence by the rural population • Evolving response systems are still (internationally) considered weak • High frequency of climate induced disasters compound by the country’s hydro-geography Tonl onle Sap ap & & Pl Plain ains F Flooding 2013 Flood Risk & k & Popul pulation D on Distribution on Populati tion D Dis istr tribu ibutio ion 5
Urbanisation (Global-Regional-National) Glo lobal l National Nati nal (C (Cam ambodia) ia) • Half the world’s population have lived in urban Internationally reported rates of urbanisation areas since 2009 (UNDESA 2009) . in Cambodia have under-estimated the • Today (2018), 55% of the world’s population live current situation, with the UN reporting in urban areas (WUP 2018) . (WUP2018) • This expected to increase to 68% of the global • 22% of population living in urban areas in 2015 population by 2050. Adding 2.5 billion additional people. • This is projected to rise to 29% by 2030, and 41% by 2050 • With 90% of this increase taking place in Asia and Africa (WUP 2018). However na Ho national stud tudies based d on on th the ( (2 nd nd ) ) Reclas assif ificat ication ion of Urban an Areas as (Mo MoP/N /NIS IS Regional nal 201 011) and nd those u unde ndertak aken w n with th ADB • For the 11 countries in Southeast Asia suppo pport t (CDTA 8 8121) indic ndicat ated that, urbanisation rates have risen 38% in 2000 27% 7% of of th the na national popu population were liv iving to 50% by 2020 (WUP 2018) in u urb rban area areas s (in 20 2008), an and thi his s has has si since e • And are projected to rise to 66% of the su surpassed ssed the he 30% 0% marked an and is s ri rising! 6 regional by 2050
Cambodia’s Urbanisation Cam ambodi dia a curre rrentl tly has 27 desig igna nated d urban ban centre ntres, • The Capital Phnom Penh ( the Primary urban centre) • The 24 Provincial & Two Border Municipalities (Bavet, & Poipet) (jointly secondary urban centres) Ho However, lim imited regard has been n giv iven to o th the often n rapid pidly growin ing a and t nd tran ansiti itioni oning Tertia iary Urban n / Distri trict ct centre ntres aroun ound d the coun untr try. Source ce: MoP/NIS 2011 Reclassification of Urban Areas 7
Urban Challenges 8
Thoughts on Urban Resilience UNHAB ABIT ITAT Wor orld B Bank ank ADB DB USAID ID Resil esilien ience r e ref efer ers t to t the e As s the ab e abil ilit ity o y of a a “Is t “I s the e cap capacit ity o y of c cit ities ies “The The abi bility ty of pe of peopl ople, abi bility ty of a of any urban system syst em, en entit ity, to f func unction, n, so t that t the hous usehold lds, , system syst em t to withstand nd a and nd communi unity ty, , or p r person t to peopl pe ople l living a g and communit ities, ies, c countries ies to r rec ecover er q quic ickly f y from adapt t pt to a o a variety ty of of workin ing in in cit ities ies— an and syst system ems t s to mit itig igat ate, e, multip iple sh e shocks s and nd changi cha ging con g conditi tions and particula ularly ly the poor & & adapt t pt to, o, and r reco cover st stresses an esses and main aintai ain to wit withst stan and sh shocks s vulne vul nerable—survi vive a and nd from sh shocks & s & st stresses esses contin inuit ity o y of ser servic ice wh whil ile e st stil ill main aintain aining it its s thriv ive n e no m mat atter er wh what at in a ma manner tha that t essential essen ial f functio ions stresses o st esses or sh shocks s they ey red educes es c chronic ic encounter” r” vulner erabil ilit ity & y & fac acil ilit itates es in inclusiv sive g e growt wth SO ITS’ COMPLEX! 9
Urban Challenges I-Flooding & Draining • The majority of Cambodia’s municipalities (~20/27) are located on flood plains (as are many of the other ‘urban centres’, either • Along the Mekong catchment, including • Around the Tonle Sap, or • Are coastal • They are (increasingly) prone to flooding due to: • Rapi pid d and d rampa pant de develo lopm pment, • Which is transforming and hardening the land, increasing runoff and flooding. Deficient dr drainage s systems, • • With improvements lagging behind developments, which overwhelms the additional capacity being provided. 10
Urban Challenges II–Deficient Urban Infrastructure • Com ommon p n problems f for or mo most Camb ambodian ian urb urban c an centr ntres: • De Deficie ient nt and and lac acking ing Urb rban I n Infra nfrastructure Pl Planning anning Cap apac acit itie ies at at sub ub-national le l levels els • Limit Limited Urb rban I n Infra nfrastructure I Investment Pl Planning anning, and and • No No De Dedic icated U Urb rban Financ an Financing ing F Fac acil ilit itie ies (with (with limit imited p priv rivat ate s sector invo volve ved) This is compounded by • Over c cent ntral alis ised infras infrastructure d development nt c cent ntred on Phno on Phnom Penh nh • Cont ontrolled b by line ine minis ministrie ies of often re n reliant iant on on De Development nt Financ Financing ing, and and 11
Urban Challenges III– Lagging Integrated Urban Planning Th There is is a lack ck coh coherent, in integrated ur urban planning Pla Planning g MUS MUST be be ahea ahead of f develo elopment? • They lack coherence and an integrated approach of other sector needs and requirements; • The lack of enforcement vs. rapid urban development • Possibly due to being poorly communicated, elaborated in terms of guidance, and understood. 12
Urban Challenges IV –Fragmented Responsibilities A further challenges to urban resilience is the continued fragmentation of responsibilities MLMUPC PC MPWT MP MoWRAM MoWR MoE MoE MCFA FA MIH MIH MOI MO I MoEF EF Land use Roads, urban Evolving water Responsible Urban Urban Water Responsible Financial planning and drainage, resources for all Heritage Supply for all civil planning, construction Wastewater monitoring aspects of Industrial administratio budgeting regulation n and support allocation, control (new) parks, and the aspects of coordination Environment sub-national and SWM , water, and planning & accounting (dumpsites), air pollution,, development system Ports, SWM, systems Railways, etc… conservation and protection Whil Wh ile the hese se (and and others) al all have roles, var ario ious int inter-minis isterial mech echan anis isms s have e been een es estab ablish ished, ed, but their eir ef effect ectiveness ss in co coordin dinat atio ion and d co cooper erat atio ion is quest estio ioned, d, 13
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