Body Condition Impact on Reproductive Performance Nine Point Body - PDF document

2/9/2011 Body Condition Impact on Reproductive Performance Nine Point Body Condition Scoring System 1 = Emaciated 2 = Very Thin THIN 3 = Thin 4 = Boarderline 5 = Moderate 6 = Good IDEAL 7 = Very Good 8 = Fat FAT 9 = Obese 1

2/9/2011 A change from one condition score to the next is about 75 pounds Body Condition Score 3 Live Weight = 1050 lb 9% Body Fat 2

2/9/2011 Body Condition Score 5 Live Weight = 1200 lb 18% Body Fat Body Condition Score 7 Live Weight = 1350 lb 27% Body Fat 3

2/9/2011 Body Condition Score 3 - Rear View Backbones visible Pin bones visible No fat in tailhead Spine visible Muscle atrophy Body Condition Score 3 - Side View No fat in the brisket Ribs - visible Hips bones visible Body Condition Score 4 - Rear View Backbones visible Pin bones visible No fat in tailhead Spine visible Muscle atrophy Body Condition Score 4 - Side View No fat in the brisket Ribs - visible Hips bones visible 4

2/9/2011 Body Condition Score 5 - Rear View Backbones visible Pin bones visible No fat in tailhead Spine not visible Body Condition Score 5 - Side View No fat in the brisket Ribs - 2th & 13th visible Hips bones visible Body Condition Score 6 - Rear View Spine not visible Pin bones covered Fat in tailhead Body Condition Score 6 - Side View Brisket has some fat Ribs Covered Hips smooth 5

2/9/2011 Time of Year to Body Condition Score Beef Cows • Late Summer/Early Fall • Weaning • 45 Days After Weaning • 90 Days before Calving • Calving • Breeding Season Figure 2. Effect of Cow Body Condition Figure 2. Effect of Cow Body Condition Score at Calving on Concentration of IgG Score at Calving on Concentration of IgG in in Serum of Calves 24 Hours Old Serum of Calves 24 Hours Old 2400 , Mg\DL IgG, Mg\DL 2200 2000 1800 Serum IgG 1600 Serum 1400 1200 1000 2 3 4 5 6 Cow Body Condition Score Cow Body Condition Score Odde Odde et.al, 1986 Colorado State University et.al, 1986 Colorado State University 6

2/9/2011 BCS At Calving Relate to Interval from Calving to First Heat after Calving for Cows (postpartum interval, PPI) BCS At Calving PPI, days BCS 3 89 80 days BCS 4 70 BCS 5 59 55 days BCS 6 52 BCS 7 31 Quality of Forages Vary Primary factor that • impacts forage quality – Maturity at harvest Alfalfa • – Average CP = 15% – Average TDN= 56% Native hay • – Average CP = 6% – Average TDN = 52% 7

2/9/2011 Testing Feeds/Forages for Analysis Take a representative • sample – Forages – probe Package properly • – Don’t dry down – Squeeze air out of bag Fill out paperwork • – Identify sample – NIR – identify what the sample is: • Alfalfa, warm-season grass hay, silage, etc Understanding a Feed Analysis: • NIR Analysis – Near Infrared Spectroscopy • Not a chemical Analysis • Uses Infrared light spectrum – Reflectance/spectra collected from organic material » NIR methodology not good for measuring minerals • Analysis uses a library to determine nutrient content – The larger the library – the more accurate the results • Can get information back in 2 to 3 days 8

2/9/2011 What Quality Attributes Should Cow/calf Producers Test in Feeds/Forages? • Moisture • Crude Protein – Use book values for: DIP and UIP • • Energy (TDN ) • Nitrates – Forages grown in drought conditions – Drought conditions and high nitrogen fertilization NIR Testing 9

2/9/2011 NIR Analysis – Baled Corn Stalks Item As Received Basis Dry Matter Basis Moisture, % 14.7 0 Dry Matter, % 85.3 100 Crude Protein, % 5.3 6.2 Heat Damaged Protein, % 0.9 1.1 Available Protein, % 4.7 5.5 Acid Detergent Fiber, % 41.6 48.8 Neutral Detergent Fiber, % 59.4 69.7 TDN, estimate, % 40.9 48.0 ENE, estimate, therms/cwt 33.8 39.6 NE/lactation, Mcal/lb 0.41 0.48 NE/maintenance, Mcal/lb 0.35 0.41 NE/gain, Mcal/lb 0.14 0.16 DDM = Digestible Dry Matter, % Phosphorus (P), % 0.18 0.21 Calcium (Ca), % 0.35 0.41 Potassium (K), % 1.68 1.97 Magnesium, Mg), % 0.13 0.15 Relative Feed Value (RFV) 68.9 Nitrates • Nitrates in forages – What happens when nitrates get in get the rumen: • Nitrate Nitrite Ammonia Bacterial Crude Protein • Rumen has bacterial/enzymes that convert nitrate to nitrite and nitrite to ammonia but: – Must give the rumen time to establish a population of nitrite reducing microbes • Nitrites in the blood stream: – Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood – Nitrite change hemoglobin to methemoglobin » Methemoglobin can’t carry oxygen » Blood is chocolate brown » Bluish coloration of unpigmented skin, mucus membranes » Animal dies due to lack of oxygen 10

2/9/2011 High Nitrates in Forges *** Allow cattle to adapt to feeds that contain nitrates - allows the rumen to build a population of bacteria that seek nitrates/nitrites and converts these by-products to ammonia (NH 3 ) Treatment • – Methylene Blue IV • Converts methemoglobin back to hemoglobin – Purge rumen with saline or epson salts Measuring Nitrates • – Nitrates (NO 3 ) – 10,000 ppm potentially toxic – Nitrate Nitrogen (No 3 N) – 2,200 ppm potentially toxic – Potassium Nitrates (KnO 3 ) – 16,300 ppm potentially toxic Forage Feeding Systems 11

2/9/2011 Forage Feeding Systems Calving Supplies • Calving Notebook/Book • Eartags/Tattoo equipment for I.D. of calves • Suitable stall/pens, chute for restraining cows/heifers • Halter for cattle • O.B Chains (1-30 & 1-60 inch) stainless steel and O.B. chain handles • Calf puller • Bucket, disinfectant, and water • Frozen or commercial Colostrum 12

2/9/2011 Calving Supplies • O.B. gloves and lubricant • Iodine for navels • Uterine boluses • Antibiotics • Electrolyte powder (commercial or home- made) • Baby calf tube to deliver electrolyte solution • Scour boluses • Knowledge of anatomy & calving process • Patience IgG in the Blood Stream of the Calf After Colostrum Feeding Sources of colostrum: - Best source is from the dam - Next best – older cow from within herd - Neighboring dairy - Biosecurity issues? - Need to know their herd health program, etc - risky - Commercial source - Use bovine-serum based products 13

2/9/2011 MAJOR CAUSE OF CALVING DIFFICULTY IS: DISPROPORTION BETWEEN SIZE OF THE CALF AND PELVIC AREA Signs of Calving • 8 – 10 week pre-calving – Swelling of udder – colostrum and edema • Edema caused by pressure from the fetus – Limits blood flow away from udder • 6 – 8 weeks pre-calving – Stringy, white mucus discharge from vagina • 1 week pre-calving – Vulva appears swollen • Due to blood engorgement • Lips may not close • 6 to 12 hour pre-calving – Loosing of pelvic ligaments and muscles • Due to contracting uterus • Allows posterior of the pelvis to rise • Muscle at rear of pelvis drop – Causes to tailhead to protrude 14

2/9/2011 Stages of Labor • Stage I • Dilation of cervix • Stage II • Birth of calf • Stage • Delivery of III placenta Stage I of Labor Often observed in heifers (4-6 hours) May be unnoticed in cows (2-3 hours) • Calf rotates Cow shows: upright • Nervous • Contractions • Kicking at side begin • Lying down • Cervix dilates • Slight straining • Water sac expelled 15

2/9/2011 Stage II of Labor Heifers (1-3 hours) Cows (1-2 hours) Cow shows: • Calf enters birth canal • Strong frequent straining - lying • Feet & head down protrude first • Water sac and/or • Calf delivery calf visible complete • Discharge of fluids Stage III of Labor Heifers and Cows (2-8 hours) Cow shows: • “Button” (caruncle) • Mild straining attachments relax • Membranes hanging out • Uterine contractions • Discharge of expel fluids membranes 16

2/9/2011 Normal Presentation Normal Presentation 17

2/9/2011 Result of Examination • I don’t know what the problem is… • I know the problem and solution... AND I can’t handle it • I know the problem and solution… AND I am unsuccessful in correcting it within 30 minutes To Apply Extractive Force • Use two-point traction 18

2/9/2011 “Walking the Shoulders” To Apply Extractive Force • Apply force in the “natural arc of birth” 19

2/9/2011 To Apply Extractive Force • Use only the force of one man • Use mechanical pullers carefully! Avoiding “Hip Lock ” • After head and shoulders delivered … rotate calf 90 to 180 degrees 20

2/9/2011 Abnormal Presentations About 5% of calves are in abnormal position at birth Abnormal Presentations • If abnormal presentation not corrected within 15 minutes… Call your veterinarian 21

2/9/2011 General Guidelines • Do not interfere too soon • Observe closely for onset of labor • Watch for continual progress • Do not over-use force • If unsure… Call your veterinarian If the calf needs to be fed colostrum: • Frozen colostrum – Store in pint ziplock bags – Thaw in warm water • Don’t microwave – damage antibodies • Feeding – within 2 to 4 hours of birth – repeat at 12 hours post-birth • Will get some absorption 24 to 36 post-birth – Specialized absorptive cells begin to slough shortly after birth • Amount fed – By one hour post-birth • Big calves – 2 quarts; smaller calves – 1.5 quarts 22