Biodiversity distribution How to count species? Mac Arthur and - PDF document

????? <1%? Biodiversity distribution How to count species? Mac Arthur and Wilson (1967): the theory of island biogeography Global distribution of biodiversity Global distribution of biodiversity North America Marine bivalve mollusks Ants Latitude

Breeding bird richness in the state of New York Breeding bird richness in Florida Global distribution of biodiversity on land USA Biodiversity “hotspots” Global distribution of biodiversity by sea Is eveness or richness a good indicator for conservation? Treats all species the same Favors large population sizes (not all measures) Damsel fish distribution NO, but is there any better?

Towards a phylogenetic informed Towards a phylogenetic informed biodiversity measure biodiversity measure instead of weighting population sizes we also Phylogeny should play a role could weight position on the phylogeny Abundance should play a What is worth more, a Sphenodon (Tuatara) role or a 10 song bird species? Ecological connection should play a role ...... [I don’t want to make such decisions] Distribution of endemic bird species Endemism Florida scrub jay Distribution of endemic fish species Global distribution of biodiversity on land

High endemism correlates with high diversity Taxon Correlation of richness with endemism Mammals .81 Lasioglossum (bee) .85 Papilionidae (butterflies) .7 Plusiinae (moths) .77 Extinctions Geological time scale Relative lengths of geologic periods Mesozoic era Paleozoic era Age of Dinosaurs Fish, bugs, plants • Background extinction Precambrian • Current, recent extinctions Earth First fossil Photosynthesis First multicellular forms cells starts producing animals and plants O 2 in the First atmosphere signs of life T r i a s s i c C e r a t o d u s ( f s i h t o o t h ) G e o l o g i c a l T i m e S c a l e 2 4 8 P e r m i a n T i m e f r o m p r e s e n t a n d s o m e S c h i z o d u s ( i n m i l l i o n s o f t y p i c a l f o s s i l s ( b v i a l v e ) y e a r s ) S y s t e m E r a 2 9 0 Q u a t e r n a r y 0 N e p t u n e a G a s t r i o c e r a s ( g a s t r o p o d ) ( g o n a i t t i e ) 1 . 6 N e o g e n e Cenozoic 2 3 A l e t h o p t e r i s c C a r b o n i f e r o u s ( t r e e f e r n ) A r c t i c a P a l e o g e n e i S h a r k ʼ s ( b i v a v l e ) t o o t h A p o r r h a i s S p i r i e f r ( b r a c h i o p o d ) o ( g a s t r o p o d ) 3 5 4 6 5 z P h i l i p s a s t r e a c ( o r a l ) T y r a n n o s a u r u s o D e v o n i a n O s t e o l e p s s i ( f i s h ) C r e t a c e o u s e C h e i r u r u s E u h o p l i t e s M e s o z o i c ( a m m o n i t e ) ( t r i l o b i t e ) a 4 1 7 M i c r a s t e r ( e c h i n o i d ) P i n n a ( b i v a l v e ) E n c r i n u r u s l S i l u r i a n 1 4 2 ( r t i l o b i t e ) C y i l n d r o t e u t h i s ( b e l e m n t i e ) a 4 4 3 I c h t h y o s a u r D i d y m o g r a p t u s ( m a r i n e r e p i t l e ) P g ( r a p t o l i t e ) O g y g i a D a c t y l i o c e r a s O r d o v i c i a n J u r a s s i c ( t r l i o b i t e ) ( a m m o n i t e ) T r i n u c l e u s ( t r i l o b i t e ) 4 9 5 G r y p h a e a ( b i v a l v e ) 2 0 5 L i n g u l a C a m b r i a n A g n o s t u s C l a d i c i t e s ( a m m o n o d i ) ( b r a c h i o p o d ) ( t r i l o b i t e ) T r i a s s i c C e r a t o d u s ( i f s h t o o t h ) 5 4 5 2 4 8 Protero- T h e o l d e s t P r e c a m b r a i n r o c k s i n B r i t a n i , t h e P r e c a m b r i a n L e w i s i a n m e t a m o r p h i c s o f N W S c o t l a n d , d a t e zoic P e r m i a n S c h i z o d u s f r o m a b o u t 3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o , a n d w e r e ( b v i a l v e ) l a i d d o w n s o m e 1 . 6 b i l i l o n y e a r s a f t e r t h e E a r t h ʼ s o r i g i n ( a t a p p r o x . 4 , 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o ) . 2 9 0 G a s t r i o c e r a s

red Diversification of marine organisms Extinction rate: general patterns Extinction rates vary a lot A steady rate of extinctions, it even seems that the extinction rate was larger long time ago Speciation rate > Extinction rate Species last about 1- 25 My years On average about 1-2 species go extinct each year Possible Sources Catastrophic extinction events K/T boundary Large meteorites hitting earth Climate change Permian/Triassic Vulcanism: Effect on climate, changing landscape Glaciation: Cooling shrinks range of species, might increase competition Formation of super-continents: better adapted species win, changes in number of habitats

K/T boundary mass extincion Current extinction was caused by meteor impact Direct observation is difficult. How sure are we about these numbers? Obviously not very sure, because citing the same sources authors arrive at different numbers. Table 2.1 Extinctions recorded since 1500 A.D. “Extinct in wild” indicates that individuals of the species continue to exist, but only in captivity (e.g. zoos or captive breeding programs). Data from (IUCN 2004). # Extinct # Extinct in wild Animals 697 36 Plants & algae 87 24 Total 784 60 Dodo Steller’s sea cow extinct in the 17th century • Extinct 1768, 27 years after being detected

Great Auk Passenger pigeon Many millions during 19th century hunted for fat and feathers Last died in the Cincinnati Zoo in extinct 1844 1914 Carolina Parakeet Passenger pigeon extinct around 1935? (1918?) Panthera leo barbaricus Tasmanian Tiger Barbary Lion Extinct 1936 Extinct 1922

Gastric brooding frog Table 2.2. A sample of species once thought extinct, but rediscovered. Species name Common name Date # yrs since rediscovered last sighting Dipsochelys hololissa Seychelles giant tortoise 1997 >150 Pterodroma cahow Bermuda petrel 1951 >300 • Extinct ? Perameles bougainville Western barred bandicoot 1983 61 Trichocichla rufa Long-legged warbler 2003 109 • Not found since Gastrolobium lehmannii Cranbrook pea 2001 83 Hapalopsittaca fuertesi Fuertes's parrot 2002 91 1985 Hypsiprimnus gilbertii Gilbert’s potoroo 1994 85 Sida inflexa Virginia pine sida 1999 31 Lepidoptrix (formerly Pipra ) vilaboasi Golden crowned manakin 2002 45 Measuring Current Extinctions ong the Direct observation are difficult Indirect observation: species - area relationship Species-Area relationship Species-Area relationship S = c × A z S = c × A z c is a taxon specific constant c is a taxon specific constant z is the extinction coefficient z is estimated using the slope is in the range 0.1 to 0.3 Number log(Number of species S of species S) Area A log(Area A)

Mac Arthur and Wilson (1967): the theory of island biogeography Fig 4.5 Small mammals in forest granivores all small mammals r 2 = proportion of variation explained Estimating extinction rates Estimating how many species go extinct S now A z now = Log(Number Log(Number S original A z original of species S) of species S) A z now S now = S original Log(Area A) Log(Area A) A z original S now cA z now = using S original cA z original z=.15 (this is arbitrary) deforestation = 1.8% per year (Anow / Aoriginal = 98.2/100) 10 million species (Soriginal) Snow = 9,973,000 Difference between Snow and Soriginal = 27,000 species per year