Academia-To-Industry Transition Of Search And Learning- Based Software Engineering: Opportunities And Challenges Bestoun S. Ahmed, Ph.D. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague Karlovo nám ě stí 13, 121 35 Praha 2 www.bestoun.net albeybes@fel.cvut.cz @bestoon82
The Two Cultures • 1959- the clash of " the two cultures ” • The humanities and the sciences. • A similar cleavage between the academy and industry .
“We are publishing many great solutions for nowadays’ problems” –But why not most of them were not used by industry?
Academia-Industry Collaboration TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 113, 2002 ACAIDEMIC-INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY JOSEPH B. MARTIN BOSTON, MA ABSTRACT Academic-industrial collaborations and technology transfer have over the past 50 years played an increasingly prominent role in the biomedical sciences. University partnerships with industry can expe- dite the availability of innovative drugs and other medical technolo- gies, bringing both important public health benefits and a source of income for universities and their faculty through a variety of financial arrangements. However, these relationships raise ethical concerns, particularly when research involves human subjects in clinical trials. Lapses in oversight of industry-sponsored clinical trials at universi- ties, and especially patient deaths in a number of trials, have brought these issues into the public spotlight and have led the federal govern- ment to intensify its oversight of clinical research. The leadership of Harvard Medical School convened a group of leaders in academic medicine to formulate guidelines on individual financial conflicts of interest. They and other groups are working to formulate a national consensus on this issue. BREACHES IN THE ACADEMIC-INDUSTRIAL WALL: A BRIEF HISTORY When C.P. Snow in 1959 referred to the clash of "the two cultures," he was, of course, referring to the humanities and the sciences. We have over many decades observed a similar cleavage between the academy and industry. These are two very different cultures with two very different missions. On the one hand, the academic mission is education and discovery driven by intellectual curiosity-what we in academia like to regard as "pure motives." In industry on the other hand, the mission is translational research, commercialization, and profit making (Figure 1). Over the course of the 20th century a series of breaches arose in the Joseph B. Martin, M.D., Ph.D., Harvard Medical School, Office of the Dean, 25 Shattuck St., Rm. 111, Boston, MA 02115; Phone: 617-432-1501, Fax: 617-432-3907; E-mail: joseph_mar- tin@ hms.harvard.edu. 227
Academia-Industry: Two Different Missions • Academic mission: • Education and discovery driven by intellectual curiosity-what we in academia like to regard as "pure motives.” • Industry mission: • Translational research, Breaches between the two missions? commercialization, and profit making.
Breach The Wall 228 ACADEMIC-INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION Academia Industry Misi9n Mission Education, discovery Translational research, driven by intellectual commercialization, curiosity: "pure motives" profit mailng FIG. 1. The two cultures. wall separating these two activities, rendering an increasingly porous • Science, Technology, Engineering, Computer Science (19th century onwards) interface, admired by many and abhorred by some. The first breach in the wall developed around technology, engineering, and computer sci- ence, which led to a very deliberate process of patenting, licensing, and Patents > Licensing > Royalties royalty income by major research universities engaged in the funda- mental sciences (Table 1). During the last 50 years, with the National • Medical Devices and Biotechnology (1950 onwards) TABLE 1 Breaches in the Wall • Basic science support from industry (1980 onwards) 1. Science, Technology, Engineering, Computer Science (1 9th century onwards) > Royalties Patents Licensing > 2. Medical Devices and Biotechnology (1950-2000): same process New ethical issue: agents or devices to be used in humans 3. 20% Rule: 1 day a week 4. Basic science support from industry: Monsanto, Hoechst, Novartis, etc. (1980-2000) 5. Institutional equity (1995-2000) 6. Clinical research support 7. Clinical research organizations formed (1995-2000) - IRB workload increases - Informed consent guidelines challenged 8. Gene therapy: introduction of biologicals into humans (1990-2001)
Information and Software Technology 79 (2016) 106–127 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Information and Software Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/infsof Challenges and best practices in industry-academia collaborations in software engineering: A systematic literature review a , b , c d Vahid Garousi ∗ , Kai Petersen , Baris Ozkan a Software Engineering Research Group, Department of Computer Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey b Maral Software Engineering Consulting Corporation, Calgary, Canada c Department of Software Engineering, School of Engineering, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden d Department of Information Systems Engineering, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Context: The global software industry and the software engineering (SE) academia are two large commu- Received 31 December 2015 nities. However, unfortunately, the level of joint industry-academia collaborations in SE is still relatively Revised 5 May 2016 very low, compared to the amount of activity in each of the two communities. It seems that the two Accepted 23 July 2016 ’camps’ show only limited interest/motivation to collaborate with one other. Many researchers and prac- Available online 30 July 2016 titioners have written about the challenges, success patterns (what to do, i.e., how to collaborate) and anti-patterns (what not do do) for industry-academia collaborations. Keywords: Software engineering Objective: To identify (a) the challenges to avoid risks to the collaboration by being aware of the chal- Industry-academia collaborations lenges, (b) the best practices to provide an inventory of practices (patterns) allowing for an informed Industry choice of practices to use when planning and conducting collaborative projects. Universities Challenges *Study period 2003-2016
The ratio of authors from academia, industry, and SE topic areas of the projects studied joint authorships (Published Research Papers) Types of contributions Research types
“Keep in mind !” –Some companies have NDA and it is hard to convince them to publish papers
The Relationship: Experience • Universities are changing the management vision to funding-oriented management. • Many requests for collaboration from academia. • Less Response from industry. Many Collaboration Requests Academia Industry Less Collaboration Requests
Theory versus practice Industry versus academe
Challenges To Collaborate In Soft Eng. • There are many challenges mentioned by Garousi et. al * • Most relevant to us: • Results produced through research are not relevant for practice • Researchers do not understand the relevant problems from an industry point of view • Different interests and objectives • Different reward systems • Lack of prior relationships between a company and academia • Lack of resources due to high investment in terms of resources • Licensing restrictions on tools *V. Garousi, K. Petersen, and B. Ozkan, ‘‘Challenges and best practices in industry-academia collaborations in software engineering: A systematic literature review,’’ Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 79, pp. 106–127, Nov. 2016
Barriers: Our Experience • Companies are interested in fast output. • Academia is infested in publication, which is not preferred generally by industry (information disclosing avoidance). • Bureaucracy from the university side (especially the lawyers). • Bureaucracy from the industry side, especially to find the contact person. • Size of the company is important. • Collaboration and finding goes inversely with the company size.
“Search and Learning-based Software Engineering” Another chance to collaborate ?
One Of My Meetings With Industry - Look, I don’t think search or learning-based algorithms will contribute to our work. - But, let us do the meeting. • That is basically the end of the meeting from the beginning.
SBSE “The application of metaheuristic search-based optimization techniques to find near-optimal solutions in software engineering problems”
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