Ahmed Ali Profile Ahmed has a long track record in the Australian - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Ahmed Ali Profile Ahmed has a long track record in the Australian poultry industry. After completing a Bachelor degree in agricultural science, Ahmed moved from Turkey to Australia to take up a position of Farm Manager at Ingham's Poultry in Perth from 1993 to 1995. In 1996, he was awarded a Graduate Diploma in Agricultural Sciences at UWA to investigate the potential use of lupins for poultry using enzyme pectinase. The results of this study was encouraging which led the Grain Pool of WA to support lupins-enzyme research work from 1998 to 2002. The outcomes were sufficiently promising to procure funding from the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) for 2003 - 2005, in order to test new ways to further improve the lupins by treating them with a combination of extrusion (mechanical-heat machine) and pectinase for broilers (meat chickens) and egg layers. Institute of Agriculture

Institute of Agriculture Use of Pectinases to Improve the Nutritive Value of Lupins for Poultry Ahmed Ali Supervisors: Dr Ian Williams and Prof Graeme Martin Institute of Agriculture

Poultry industry: • Save $35/tonne diet? • Use lupins + enzyme pectinase • Replace imported soybean meal Institute of Agriculture

Lupins • Most important legume crop in Australia • Annual production: 1 million tonnes • $280 million/year Institute of Agriculture

Lupins Soybean meal Protein (%) 34 46 Fat (%) 6 4 Energy (MJ/kg) 18 16 $ 280 540 Institute of Agriculture

ME (MJ/kg) Soybean meal 13.0 Lupins 10.2 Difference = 30% Utilisation of lupins by poultry is low! Institute of Agriculture

Lupins currently limited to 5% in broiler (meat chicken) diets 7% in egg layer diets Can ME be increased from 10.2 MJ/kg? Aim: use lupins up to 20% in poultry diets! Institute of Agriculture

Lupins • highly viscous + soluble NSPs in cell walls (34%) • pectins: long chain of galacturonic acid units O O OC 3 H O O OH OH OC 3 H C C C C O O O O H H H H O OH H O OH H O OH H O OH H H H H H H OH H OH H OH H OH Glycosidic bonds Institute of Agriculture

Pectinase, polygalacturonase (PG) for broilers ↓ 11% viscosity ↑ 5% weight gain ↑ 8% digestion of dry matter ↑ 5% metabolisable energy But PG unable to … Breakdown >11% of pectin chains? • Reduce water-holding capacity? • Reduce wet dropping? • Institute of Agriculture

Methyl ester radicals (CH 3 COO — ) Methyl Methyl ester ester PG PG O O O O OC 3 H OH OH OC 3 H C C C C O O O O H H H H OH H O O O OH H O OH H OH H H H H H H OH H OH H OH H OH Institute of Agriculture

Methyl esters In vitro Cross link with neighbouring polymers via Ca ++ Form gel ↑ water-holding capacity ↑ viscosity In broilers ↑ water intake, ↓ food intake Poor digestion of dry matter, poor weight gain Institute of Agriculture

Pectin methyl esterase (PME): Strips off methyl esters along pectin chain • CH 3 COO → methanol (CH 3 OH) + hydrogen (H) • Helps PG to break down pectin chain by 4-10 fold • Reduces viscosity and water-holding capacity more • than PG alone Lupin kernel: 11% pectin 80 - 90% methyl esterified Institute of Agriculture

Recent in vitro results PG+PME better than PG alone: 27% Breakdown of cell wall 50% Breakdown of pectin 65% Reduction of pectin chain length 65% Reduction of methyl ester But PG+PME unable to: Reduce viscosity or water-holding capacity Reason: PME dose was too high (1400 units)? Institute of Agriculture

Hypothesis Appropriate dose of PME (<1400 units) in combination with PG (1400 units) will: • Allow a substantial breakdown of cell walls and pectins • Reduce water-holding capacity and viscosity Institute of Agriculture

Cell-wall polysaccharide (%) 26 24 22 20 Lathyrus 18 Lupins 16 14 Pea Faba 12 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Institute of PME dose (in combination with PG) Agriculture

12 Pectin (%) 11 10 9 8 5% LSD 7 6 Lupins 5 Faba 4 Lathyrus Pea 3 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 PME dose (in combination with PG) Institute of Agriculture

26 Methyl ester (%) 23 20 17 14 Pea Faba 11 Lathyrus 5% LSD 8 Lupins 5 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 PME dose (in combination with PG) Institute of Agriculture

2.0 Viscosity (m.Pas/sec) 1.9 1.8 Lupins 1.7 Lathyrus 1.6 Pea Faba 1.5 5% LSD 1.4 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 PME dose (in combination with PG) Institute of Agriculture

3.9 Water-holding capacity (g water: g dry matter) 3.7 Lupins 3.5 3.3 3.1 Lathyrus 5% LSD 2.9 2.7 Pea Faba 2.5 2.3 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 PME dose (in combination with PG) Institute of Agriculture

In broilers Dehulled lupins (%) in diet 0 10 20 30 Viscosity of digesta (m.Pas/sec.) 6.38 a 7.78 a 9.61 a None 5.11 4.54 b 6.82 b 8.99 b PME + PG 5.06 Water intake (ml/bird/day) a a None 296 326 353 388 294 b 332 b PME + PG 294 379 Faecal moisture (%) 67.9 a 70.1 a None 62.6 72.8 60.4 b 64.4 b PME + PG 63.0 71.0 Institute of Agriculture

Dehulled lupins (%) 0 10 20 30 Feed intake (g/bird/day) None 139 141 133 124 PME + PG 140 141 134 126 Weight gain (g/bird/day) 62.7 a 58.4 a None 63.5 53.6 66.7 b 61.4 b PME + PG 63.4 55.4 Feed conversion ratio (feed g : gain g) 2.33 a 2.34 a None 2.28 2.39 2.20 b 2.23 b PME + PG 2.27 2.34 Institute of Agriculture

Dehulled lupins (%) 0 10 20 30 Apparent metabolisable energy (MJ/kg) 11.8 a 11.1 a None 12.3 10.6 11.6 b 12.5 b PME + PG 12.4 10.8 Breakdown of cell-wall polysaccharides (%) 4.8 a 3.5 a 3.1 a None 4.2 11.3 b 6.3 b 4.2 b PME + PG 4.2 Breakdown of pectin (%) 2.5 a 2.1 a 1.9 a None 2.3 14.9 b 6.7 b 3.8 b PME + PG 2.3 Institute of Agriculture

Discussion Hypothesis Accepted In vitro Combination: PME + PG ↓ 27% cell walls, ↓ 37% pectin ↓ 18% viscosity, ↓ 14% water-holding capacity Broilers ↑ 6% feed conversion efficiency, ↑ 6% metabolisable energy PG+PME: successful with 10% and 20% dehulled lupin diets, but Not with 30% dehulled lupins. Why? Institute of Agriculture

Why 30% lupins was not successful? 1. Complex cell wall: two-third non-pectic polysaccharides • Galactan, rhamno-galacturonan, arabinan, cellulose, hemicellulose Side-chains (soluble fractions): ↑ water-holding capacity, ↑ viscosity • 2. Anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) • Main ANFs: alkaloids, saponins and tannins • ↓ feed intake, ↑ water intake Institute of Agriculture

Conclusions 1) PG+PME: Improves lupins for broilers ↑ growth, ↑ feed conversion efficiency, ↑ energy ↓ water intake, ↓ wet droppings 2) Broiler producers save $35/ tonne: Supplement 20% dehulled lupins with PG+PME Replace imported soybean meal 3) Future work: Develop a commercial preparation of pectinases for poultry Institute of Agriculture

Acknowledgements Dr. Ian Williams and Prof. Graeme Martin Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation Australian Egg Corporation Limited Agriculture Western Australia AB Enzymes GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany Wesfeeds Pty Ltd Institute of Agriculture