Behavior Based Saf ety Behavior Based Saf ety PCL INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTORS INC.
Objectives Upon completion of this presentation the participants will: � Define activator, behavior, and consequence. � Classify consequences to determine their effect on behavior. � Understand the basic concepts of behavior analysis. � As part of a group, complete an ABC analysis for a behavior. � Develop activators and consequences to prompt the conduct of a desired behavior. � Identify the components of a behavior based safety system. � As part of a group pinpoint critical behaviors and develop an observation worksheet. � Understand the behavior observation process. � Understand how to develop and use data to manage safety. � Using this data to solve problems and implement improvement strategies
Why Behavior Based Saf ety? � Injuries are going up. � Most traditional safety programs plateau. � To achieve zero accidents we need to change our thinking. � 96% of injuries are a result of unsafe behaviors.
The I ncident Triangle Serious Injury 1 We now measure Minor Injury 10 here Eqpt. Damage 30 Need to Near Miss 600 measure here 3000 to 5000 Unsafe Acts
Some jobs are riskier 1 1 5 10 10 30 600 100 5000 500 High risk job Low risk job
ABC Model of Behavior Change Three Elements: � Activator - is a person, place, thing, coming before a behavior that encourages you to perform that behavior. � Behavior - is something you can see a person doing. � Consequence - are events that follow behaviors and change the probability that they will recur in the future.
Activators � Always come before behavior � Communicate information � Consequences can also be activators � Prompt or activate behavior
Activators � � Goals Training/Education � � Objectives Job aids such as checklists, flowcharts � Priorities � Loss Prevention � Accountabilities Guide � Policies/Procedures � Pre-Job Safety � Standards Instruction
Activators � In most worksites we try to modify behavior using activators. � Activators only prompt behavior, they do not reinforce it.
Behavior � Behavior is any observable and measurable act. � Anything you can see a person do.
Consequences � Consequences are events that follow behaviors and change the probability that they will recur in the future. � Have the greatest influence on behaviors.
The ABC Behavioral Model What drives behaviors? Consequences Antecedents Behavior
The ABC Behavioral Model Ant ecedent s Consequences Antecedents Behavior Instructions Manuals Procedures Feedback
The ABC Behavioral Model Consequences Consequences Antecedents Behavior Instructions Recognition Manuals Rewards Procedures Punishment Feedback +/- Reinforcement
The ABC Behavioral Model The Power of Consequences Consequences Antecedents 85% 15% Behavior Recognition Training Rewards Procedures Punishment Manuals +/- Reinforcement Instructions
The ABC Behavioral Model Feedback Feedback Consequences Antecedents 85% 15% Behavior Recognition Training Rewards Procedures Punishment Manuals +/- Reinforcement Instructions
The ABC Behavioral Model Making t he behavior a habit Feedback Consequences Antecedents 85% 15% Behavior Recognition Training Rewards Procedures Punishment Manuals +/- Reinforcement Instructions Habit
Consequences that Decrease or Stop Behavior � Punishment - is getting something we don’t like; anything that happens to people that decreases behavior. � Extinction - is when people do something and as a result get no reinforcement; the withholding or non-delivery of reinforcement for previously reinforced behavior.
Consequences that I ncrease Behavior � Positive Reinforcement - is the only consequence that maximizes performance. Captures “discretionary effort.” � Negative Reinforcement - only produces a level of performance necessary to escape or avoid punishment. Performance to the level necessary to stay out of trouble.
Consequences that I ncrease Behavior Positive Reinforcement � Defined as a consequence that increases the probability that the behavior that comes before it will occur more often in the future. � Captures discretionary effort or each individuals extra effort.
Consequences that I ncrease Behavior Negative Consequences � Are consequences that people will work hard to avoid. � People will do what they must to avoid.
Perf ormance � Performance is composed of a number, or series, of behaviors directed toward some outcome or goal.
Consequence Classif ication � P/N (positive/negative) - determine whether the consequence is likely to be experienced as positive or negative by the person(s) involved, not by the boss or the organization.
Consequence Classif ication � I/F (immediate/future ) - determine whether the consequence occurs while the behavior is happening (immediate) or some time later (future). � The more immediate the consequence the more impact it has on the behavior.
Consequence Classif ication � C/U (c ertain/uncertain ) - Determine the probability that the consequence is certain or uncertain to happen. If the consequence always follows the behavior, then the consequence would be classified as certain. � The more certain the consequence the more impact it has on behavior.
Consequence � Positive, Immediate and Certain (PIC) consequences are the most effective consequence for maintaining or increasing performance.
Respiratory Hazard Example - compliance � Cigarette smoking - Negative, future, uncertain � H2S Exposure - Negative, Immediate, Certain. � Which example will lead to protecting your respiratory system?
Saf ety Award Example - Perf ormance � Daily recognition from Superintendent/Foreman - Positive, immediate, certain. � Infrequent recognition from Superintendent/Foreman - Positive, future, uncertain. � Which will result in the desired behavior?
ABC Analysis � Describe problem performance and the performer(s). � Describe the correct or desired performance. � Determine the severity of the problem. � Complete the ABC analysis for the problem performance. � Complete an ABC analysis for the desired behavior � The diagnosis: summarize the activators and consequences that are occurring now. � The solution.
Why Behavior Based Saf ety? � Measurement of incidents and injuries is reactive. � Measurement of behaviors is proactive. � Behavior modification is dealing with the root cause. � Cultural change. � Stop the accident cycle.
Lost Time Accidents Associated with: � Personal Protective Equipment 12% � Positions of People 30% � Reactions of People (Actions of People)14% � Tools and Equipment 28% � Procedures and Orderliness 12% Injuries caused by unsafe acts 96% Injuries with other causes 4%
Key Principles � All injuries can be prevented. Our goal is zero incidents. � Management is accountable for preventing occupational injuries and illnesses. � Safety is a condition of employment. � Safe work must be reinforced and unsafe acts and conditions must be corrected. � Injuries, incidents and near misses must be investigated. � Employees must be allowed to participate in the prevention of injuries and illnesses.
The Accident Cycle Foreign Body in the Eye Frequency Frequency Manhours Poly. (Frequency) Reaction to 100.00 Incidents 90.00 80.00 Frequency/Manhours (x1000) 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Jan. Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan. Feb Mar Apr -10.00 Month
The Accident Cycle Accident Incident Cycle Reaction to Frequency Manhours accidents and 100 Incidents 90 80 Positively 70 Reinforce Safe 60 Frequency Behaviors and 50 Coach and 40 Correct Unsafe 30 Behaviors 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Time Period
Elements of a Good Behavioral Saf ety Program � People know what they should do. � Regular observations are carried out. � Feedback on worker behaviors are immediate or very soon afterwards, it is +ve, it is done without fail. � Involvement of workers in the program.
Reasons f or Failure � Lots of -ve feedback - policing � Observations not done as required � Absence of feedback to workers
Adjusting Consequences � If we want to change peoples behavior we have to set up the consequences. � In Behavioral Safety we monitor behavior: 1) Everyday (soon) 2) Without fail (certain) 3) Give plenty of +ve feedback (+ve)
Behavior Observations � Systematic observations of people at work. � Encourages safe work practices and addressing at risk behaviors to prevent injuries. � Look at everything in the workplace but concentrate on people and their actions. � Provide information on workplace behaviors to prevent injuries.
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