A-PDF OFFICE TO PDF DEMO: Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark AVIAN INFLUENZA IN BIRDS PRESENTEN BY P.K.KUBAI CLINICIAN/MPH EXPERT 30 th July 2010
What is avian influenza? � A highly contagious viral infection, primarily in bird species � Clinically, signs range from inapparent to a rapidly fatal condition characterized by gastrointestinal, respiratory and/or nervous signs in chickens and turkeys � Previously (1955), was known as: � Previously (1955), was known as: � Virulent avian influenza, or � Fowl plague
What is avian influenza? � Avian= bird Influenza=flu � The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) lists the disease as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) caused by H5N1 and the Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI)—caused by H5 and N7 virus subtypes (LPAI)—caused by H5 and N7 virus subtypes � Collectively, these diseases are Notifiable � T he disease is of public health importance because it occasionally causes fatal disease in humans � Currently, the disease infects man through contact with sick birds
What virus causes avian influenza ? AI viruses are of 3 types-A, B and C � Type A- affects many animals, birds and humans-causes severe disease - very many subtypes (H1-16, N1-9) � Type B-primarily human, less severe, less common � Type B-primarily human, less severe, less common - only one type � Type C- also affects humans and a few animals - can be severe - least frequent among the three
Influenza A viruses � Only influenza type A viruses have been isolated from bird species � Influenza A viruses are further divided into subtypes determined by haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens. and neuraminidase (N) antigens. � 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes have been identified. Previously the scare was of an outbreak caused by H5N1 � Viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes are known to cause the highly pathogenic form
Changing virus � Bird flu virus now infecting many hosts
What birds are affected? � Wild water fowl are natural reservoirs of influenza A viruses. Known to carry H5 and H7 in low pathogenic form � Domestic fowl, ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea � Domestic fowl, ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowl and quail are all susceptible � Disease is severest in domestic fowl (chicken) � Virus is found in very high concentrations in faeces and nasal discharges
Signs in birds � Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) - common � Signs are very mild and may be missed unless there is routine checking for influenza viruses � Ruffled feathers � Ruffled feathers � Drop in egg production � Mild effects on the respiratory system � Low mortality
Signs in birds Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI): � Dramatic onset in chicken � Chicken are well one moment, and dead in a few hours few hours
� HPAI – less common � Sudden onset; � Rapid spread; � High mortality ~ 100% within 48 hrs. � High fever; Respiratory problems—gasping, cough; � Neurological signs— twisted necks and ataxia; � Watery diarrhoea.
� Many organs are affected; � have ruffled feathers; � very thirsty; � swollen faces and necks.
� Hemorrhages—in all organs and can be seen on exposed skin Combs and wattles are � swollen and cyanotic
How is the disease spread in birds? � Internationally � Importation of infected poultry and poultry products � Migratory birds – infect wild water fowl at water points, these then infect domestic poultry these then infect domestic poultry � Movement of contaminated equipment, packaging, feed
How is the disease spread? � Within a Country � Movement of infected poultry and poultry products & contaminated equipment from one place to another � Live bird markets � Between Flocks � Between Flocks � Movement of farm workers, egg cartons and trucks from infected farm to non infected farms, homes � Within a Flock � Direct and indirect contact � Airborne transmission
How is the disease spread? Poultry to Humans � Direct and indirect contact with infected poultry and contaminated objects � Living in close contact with poultry poses high risk risk � Sale/slaughter and consumption birds when signs of illness appear in a flock (common practice in the rural areas). � This poses a very high risk especially during slaughter, de-feathering and preparation for cooking
Where is the disease � In S. East Asia- now endemic- these countries produce a lot of chicken � Was reported in other countries such as turkey turkey � In Africa, the disease in birds was reported in West Africa- Nigeria, Sudan, Djibouti and keeps rearing its head now & again in Egypt
Socioeconomic impact of bird flu � Apart from the risk of infection spreading to people, there is massive losses of chicken as result of the disease and � as a control measure- once a disease is reported � as a control measure- once a disease is reported in an area, all chicken within the neighbourhood (3km radius are killed and buried or burnt) � Fear in the general public – shy from buying or eating chicken- loss of jobs for those in the poultry industry � Loss of income, food for the family-poverty, hunger
Preventive measures in place � HPAI made a notifiable disease in Kenya (1996) � Importation of poultry and poultry products from affected countries was banned (1998) � Animal, health professionals & the public have � Animal, health professionals & the public have been sensitized � Active surveillance in wild birds and passive surveillance in domestic poultry on-going � Emergency response teams in place- both in human and animal health
Preventive measures in place � Laboratory reagents- can now diagnose avian influenza. HPAI has not been detected in Kenya � Protective clothing – for staff undertaking surveillance and distributed to regional surveillance and distributed to regional laboratories � Collaborating with other institutions locally through the task force and also internationally � National action plan has been prepared and is in use
Surveillance � Inspection of live bird markets and/or abattoirs � Monitor water points for sick and dead � Monitor water points for sick and dead birds � Attending to all reported cases of sick or dead birds � Being extra vigilant at all ports of entry
Awareness creation � Put all staff on high alert � Create awareness in all stakeholders—use all available fora e.g. barazas, church, services, mosques, public functions, meetings � Messages to include: � Disease and its symptoms; � Reporting all suspicious cases to nearest vet office; Avoid living in close contact with birds; � Minimize visitors to poultry houses; � Avoid raising different poultry species together; Ensure biosecurity (hygiene); Do not eat sick or dead birds; � Observe hygiene at all times; and Cook your chicken well.
Reporting � All animal health workers should make weekly reports on avian influenza activities undertaken � Officers should submit zero reports � District Veterinary officers (DVOs) submit weekly epidemiological reports to Epidemiology Unit epidemiological reports to Epidemiology Unit � A rumour register MUST be maintained by the DVO indicating the type of report that was received, when it was received, action taken, when it was taken and the findings.
Early response � Emergency response teams in place at Kabete and at all RVILs � Respond to cases in shortest time possible � Send samples to nearest RVIL or to Kabete � Send samples to nearest RVIL or to Kabete � Samples for further tests to be sent to Kabete
District Disease Control Committees � Reactivate district disease control committees � These committees are charged with assessing the: � Risks of an outbreak occurring in the district; � Number of farms at risk; � These committees are expected to play an important role in: � Rallying the community to the common cause of fighting an outbreak if it ever occurs. � They are also important for disseminating information to the general public.
Conclusion � HPAI has not been diagnosed in Kenya so far � We need to do all we can to keep it out of Kenya � All of us have a role to play in doing this � All of us have a role to play in doing this � Let us all work together and keep this disease away
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