AVIAN INFLUENZA IN BIRDS PRESENTER BY P.K.KUBAI CLINICIAN/MPH - PDF document

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. AVIAN INFLUENZA IN BIRDS PRESENTER BY P.K.KUBAI CLINICIAN/MPH EXPERT

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. What is avian influenza? n A highly contagious viral infection, primarily in bird species n Clinically, signs range from inapparent to a rapidly fatal condition characterized by gastrointestinal, respiratory and/or nervous signs in chickens and turkeys n Previously (1955), was known as: n Previously (1955), was known as: n Virulent avian influenza, or n Fowl plague

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. What is avian influenza? n Avian= bird Influenza=flu n The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) lists the disease as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) caused by H5N1 and the Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI)— Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI)— caused by H5 and N7 virus subtypes n Collectively, these diseases are Notifiable n T he disease is of public health importance because it occasionally causes fatal disease in humans n Currently, the disease infects man through contact with sick birds

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. What virus causes avian influenza ? AI viruses are of 3 types-A, B and C n Type A- affects many animals, birds and humans-causes severe disease - very many subtypes (H1-16, N1- 9) n Type B-primarily human, less severe, less common less common - only one type n Type C- also affects humans and a few animals - can be severe - least frequent among the three

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Influenza A viruses n Only influenza type A viruses have been isolated from bird species n Influenza A viruses are further divided into subtypes determined by haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens. n 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes n 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes have been identified. Previously the scare was of an outbreak caused by H5N1 n Viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes are known to cause the highly pathogenic form

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Changing virus n Bird flu virus now infecting many hosts

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. What birds are affected? n Wild water fowl are natural reservoirs of influenza A viruses. Known to carry H5 and H7 in low pathogenic form n Domestic fowl, ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowl and quail turkeys, guinea fowl and quail are all susceptible n Disease is severest in domestic fowl (chicken) n Virus is found in very high concentrations in faeces and nasal discharges

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Signs in birds n Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) - common n Signs are very mild and may be missed unless there is routine checking for influenza viruses n Ruffled feathers n Drop in egg production n Drop in egg production n Mild effects on the respiratory system n Low mortality

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Signs in birds Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI): n Dramatic onset in chicken n Chicken are well one moment, and dead in a few hours

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. HPAI – less n common n Sudden onset; n Rapid spread; n High mortality ~ 100% within 48 hrs. High fever; n Respiratory problems— gasping, cough; Neurological n signs—twisted necks and ataxia; Watery n diarrhoea.

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. n M any organs are affected; n have ruffled feathers; very thirsty; n swollen faces and n necks.

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Hemorrhages—in n all organs and can be seen on exposed skin Combs and n wattles are swollen and cyanotic

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. How is the disease spread in birds? n Internationally n Importation of infected poultry and poultry products n Migratory birds – infect wild water fowl at water points, these then infect domestic poultry infect domestic poultry n Movement of contaminated equipment, packaging, feed

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. How is the disease spread? n Within a Country n Movement of infected poultry and poultry products & contaminated equipment from one place to another n Live bird markets n Between Flocks n Movement of farm workers, egg cartons and trucks from infected farm to non infected farms, homes n Within a Flock n Direct and indirect contact n Airborne transmission

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. How is the disease spread? Poultry to Humans n Direct and indirect contact with infected poultry and contaminated objects n Living in close contact with poultry poses high risk n Sale/slaughter and consumption birds when signs of illness appear in a flock (common practice in the rural areas). n This poses a very high risk especially during slaughter, de-feathering and preparation for cooking

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Where is the disease n In S. East Asia- now endemic- these countries produce a lot of chicken n Was reported in other countries such as turkey n In Africa, the disease in birds n In Africa, the disease in birds was reported in West Africa- Nigeria, Sudan, Djibouti and keeps rearing its head now & again in Egypt

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Socioeconomic impact of bird flu n Apart from the risk of infection spreading to people, there is massive losses of chicken as result of the disease and n as a control measure- once a disease is reported in an area, all disease is reported in an area, all chicken within the neighbourhood (3km radius are killed and buried or burnt) n Fear in the general public – shy from buying or eating chicken- loss of jobs for those in the poultry industry n Loss of income, food for the family- poverty, hunger

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Preventive measures in place n HPAI made a notifiable disease in Kenya (1996) n Importation of poultry and poultry products from affected countries was banned (1998) n Animal, health professionals & the n Animal, health professionals & the public have been sensitized n Active surveillance in wild birds and passive surveillance in domestic poultry on-going n Emergency response teams in place- both in human and animal health

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Preventive measures in place n Laboratory reagents- can now diagnose avian influenza. HPAI has not been detected in Kenya n Protective clothing – for staff undertaking surveillance and distributed to regional laboratories distributed to regional laboratories n Collaborating with other institutions locally through the task force and also internationally n National action plan has been prepared and is in use

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Surveillance n Inspection of live bird markets and/or abattoirs n Monitor water points for sick and dead birds n Attending to all reported cases n Attending to all reported cases of sick or dead birds n Being extra vigilant at all ports of entry

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Awareness creation n Put all staff on high alert n Create awareness in all stakeholders—use all available fora e.g. barazas, church, services, mosques, public functions, meetings n Messages to include: n Disease and its symptoms; n Reporting all suspicious cases to nearest n Reporting all suspicious cases to nearest vet office; Avoid living in close contact with birds; Minimize visitors to poultry houses; n n Avoid raising different poultry species together; Ensure biosecurity (hygiene); Do not eat sick or dead birds; n Observe hygiene at all times; and Cook your chicken well.

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Reporting n All animal health workers should make weekly reports on avian influenza activities undertaken n Officers should submit zero reports n District Veterinary officers (DVOs) submit weekly epidemiological submit weekly epidemiological reports to Epidemiology Unit n A rumour register MUST be maintained by the DVO indicating the type of report that was received, when it was received, action taken, when it was taken and the findings.

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Early response n Emergency response teams in place at Kabete and at all RVILs n Respond to cases in shortest time possible n Send samples to nearest RVIL or n Send samples to nearest RVIL or to Kabete n Samples for further tests to be sent to Kabete