1 AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION: NAÏVE BAYES WM&R 2019/20 – 2 U NITS R. Basili ( many slides borrowed by: H. Schutze) Università di Roma “Tor Vergata ” Email: basili@info.uniroma2.it
2 Summary • The nature of probabilistic modeling • Probabilistic Algorithms for Automatic Classification (AC) • Naive Bayes classification • Two models: • Univariate Binomial (F IRST U NIT ) • Multinomial (Class Conditional Unigram Language Model) (S ECOND U NIT ) • Parameter estimation & Feature Selection
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4 Categorization/Classification • Given: • A description of an instance, x X , where X is the instance language or instance space . • Issue: how to represent text documents. • A fixed set of categories: C = { c 1 , c 2 ,…, c n } • Determine: • The category of x : c ( x ) C(or 2 C ), where c ( x ) is a categorization function whose domain is X that correspond to the classe(s) of C suitable for x . • Learning problem: • We want to know how to build the categorization function c (“classifier”).
5 Document Classification “ Artificial Intelligence in the Path Planning Optimization of Mobile Agent Navigation”n Test Data: (AI) (Programming) (HCI) Classes: ML P LANNING S EMANTICS G ARB .C OLL . M ULTIMEDIA GUI learning planning programming garbage Training ... ... Data (bow): intelligence temporal semantics collection algorithm reasoning language memory reinforcement plan proof... optimization network... language... region... (Note: in real life there is often a hierarchy; and you may get papers on ML approaches to Garb. Coll., i.e. c is a multiclassificatio function)
6 Text Categorization tasks: examples • Labels are most often topics such as Yahoo-categories • e.g., " finance " " sports " " news>world>asia>business " • Labels may be genres • e.g., "editorials" "movie- reviews" "news“ • Labels may be opinion (as in Sentiment Analysis) • e.g., “like”, “hate”, “neutral” • Labels may be domain-specific binary • e.g., "interesting-to-me" : "not-interesting-to- me”, “spam” : “not - spam”, “contains adult language” :“doesn’t”, “is a fake” :“it i sn’t”
7 Text Classification approaches • Manual classification • Used by Yahoo!, Looksmart, about.com, ODP, Medline • Very accurate when job is done by experts • Consistent when the problem size and team is small • Difficult and expensive to scale • Usually, basic rules are adopted by the editors wrt: • Lexical items (i.e. words or proper nouns) • Metadata (e.g. original writing time of the document, author, ….) • Sources (e.g. the originating organization, e.g. a sector specific newspaper, or a social network) • Integration of different criteria
8 Autoatic Classification Methods • Automatic document classification better scales with the text volumes (e.g. user generated contents in s social media) • Hand-coded rule-based systems • One technique used by CS dept’s spam filter, Reuters, CIA, Verity, … • e.g., assign category if document contains a given boolean combination of words • Standing queries: Commercial systems have complex query languages (everything in IR query languages + accumulators) • Accuracy is often very high if a rule has been carefully refined over time by a subject expert • Building and maintaining these rule bases is expensive
9 Classification Methods (2) • Supervised learning of a document-label assignment function • Many systems partly rely on machine learning (Autonomy, MSN, Yahoo!, Cortana), • Algorithmic variants can be: • k-Nearest Neighbors (simple, powerful) • Rocchio (geometry based, simple, effective) • Naive Bayes (simple, common method) • … • Support-vector machines and neural networks (very accurate) • No free lunch: requires hand-classified training data • Data can be also built up (and refined) by amateurs (crowdsourcing) • Note: many commercial systems use a mixture of methods!
10 10 Bayesian Methods • Learning and classification methods based on probability theory. • Bayes theorem plays a critical role in probabilistic learning and classification. • STEPS: • Build a generative model that approximates how data are produced • Use prior probability of each category when no information about an item is available. • Produce, during categorization, the posterior probability distribution over the possible categories given a description of an item
11 11 Bayes’ Rule • Given an instance X and a category C the probability P(C,X) can be used as a joint event: P ( C , X ) P ( C | X ) P ( X ) P ( X | C ) P ( C ) • The following rule thus holds for every X and C : P ( X | C ) P ( C ) P ( C | X ) P ( X ) • What does P(X|C) means?
12 12 Maximum a posteriori Hypothesis h argmax P ( h | X ) MAP h H P ( X | h ) P ( h ) As P(X) is argmax constant P ( X ) h H argmax P ( X | h ) P ( h ) h H
13 13 Maximum likelihood Hypothesis If all hypotheses are a priori equally likely, we only need to consider the P ( D|h ) term: h argmax P ( X | h ) ML h H
14 14 Naive Bayes Classifiers Task : Classify a new instance document D based on a tuple of attribute values D=(x 1 , x 2 , …, x n ) into one of the classes c j C 𝑑 𝑁𝐵𝑄 = argmax c j ∈ 𝐷 P Cj x 1 , x 2 , … , xn) = P(x 1 ,x 2 ,…,xn|c j )P(cj) = = argmax cj ∈ 𝐷 P(x 1 ,x 2 ,…,xn) = argmax cj ∈ 𝐷 P(x 1 , x 2 , … , xn|c j )P(cj)
15 15 Problems to be solved to apply Bayes • Determine the notion of document as the joint event D=(x 1 , x 2 , …, x n )=(x D 2 , …, x D 1 , x D n ) • Determine how x i is related to the document content • Determine how to estimate • P(C j ) for the different classes j=1, …., k i ) for the different properties/features i =1, …, n • P(x D • P( x D n | C j ) for the different tuples and classes 2 , …, x D 1 , x D • Define the law that select among the different P( C j | x D 2 , …, x D n ) j=1, …k 1 , x D • Argmax? Best m scores? Thresholds?
16 16 Problems to be solved to apply Bayes • Determine the notion of document as the joint event D=(x 1 , x 2 , …, x n )=(x D 2 , …, x D 1 , x D n ) • Determine how x i is related to the document content • Determine how to estimate • P(C j ) for the different classes j=1, …., k i ) for the different properties/features i =1, …, n • P(x D • P( x D n | C j ) for the different tuples and classes 2 , …, x D 1 , x D • Define the law that select among the different P( C j | x D 2 , …, x D n ) j=1, …k 1 , x D • Argmax? Best m scores? Thresholds?
17 17 Problems to be solved to apply Bayes • Determine the notion of document as the joint event D=(x 1 , x 2 , …, x n )=(x D 2 , …, x D 1 , x D n ) • Determine how x i is related to the document content • IDEA: use words and their direct occurrences, as «signals» for the content • Words are individual outcomes of the test of picking randomly one token from the text • Random variables X can be used such that x i represent X = word i • Multiple Occurrences of words in texts trigger several successfu tests for the same word word i ; they augment the probability P( x i )=P( X = word i )
18 18 Modeling the document content • Variables X provide a description of a document D as they correspond to the outcome of a test • D corresponds to the joint event of one unique picking of words word i from the vocabulary V, whose outcomes are • Present if word i occurrs in D • Not present if word i does not occur in D • It is a binary event , like a picking a white or black ball from a urn • The joint event is the «parallel» picking of the ball for every (urn, i.e.) word i in the dictionary, that is one urn per word is accessed • Notice how n (i.e. the number of features) here becomes the size | V | of the vocabulary V • Each feature x i models the presence or absence of word i in D, and can be written as X i =0 or X i =1 This is the basis for the so-called Multivariate binomial model!
19 19 Problems to be solved to apply Bayes • Determine the notion of document as the joint event D=(x1, x2, …, xn )=(xD1, xD2, …, xDn) • Determine how xi is related to the document content • Determine how to estimate • P(C j ) for the different classes j=1, …., k i ) for the different properties/features i =1, …, n • P(x D • P( x D n | C j ) for the different tuples and classes 2 , …, x D 1 , x D • Define the law that select among the different P( C j | x D 2 , …, x D n ) j=1, …k 1 , x D • Argmax? Best m scores? Thresholds?
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