AUSTRALIA@2015 Professor Andrew Markus
OVERVIEW [1] Surveys and public opinion [2] Australia@2015 survey and focus groups [3] Positive findings [4] Visa categories compared Business (457) Skill Independent Humanitarian [5] South Sudanese [6] Australia born 2
S URVEYS AND PUBLIC OPINION
SURVEYS AND RELIABILITY Attitudes to Muslim Australians (September 2016) – Essential Report: 49% support ban on immigration – Deakin University researcher: 60% concern marriage Uncritical acceptance/ reporting – Polls and Brexit – Polls and the presidential election Politics of survey reporting [1] Probability sample? Mode (online panel?) [2] Question wording? Response options? [3] Context for interpretation? 4
T HE S CANLON F OUNDATION S URVEYS
2007-15 surveys: national surveys June-July SAMPLE SIZE National Local Experimental 2007 2,000 1,500 2009 2,000 2010 2,000 1,800 2011 2,000 2012 2,000 2,000 2013 1,200 2,500 2,300 2014 1,500 1,070 1,500 2015a Sub-total 14,200 7,800 3,370 2015b 51 focus 10,548 groups 6
AUSTRALIA@2015
ADMINISTRATION Available 20 languages, online and print Promoted over 6 months (Sept. 2015-February 2016) – Partner organisations: ECCV; SBS; Multicultural NSW – Others promoting: Monash University, Scanlon Foundation, AMF, DSS, state government departments, local government, organisations in Bendigo, CMY (Melb.), SSI (Sydney), MDA (Brisb.), Access (Brisb.), Logan Council, FECCA; Scanlon Foundation Three weights – Australia-born; Overseas-born; LGA (8) Non-probability sample, benchmarked against probability samples (earlier Scanlon Foundation surveys) 8
RESPONDENT PROFILE Surveys completed (valid) 10,548 (print=522) as % of surveys started ~75% Born in Australia 5,061 48% Born overseas 5,487 52% Completed in LOTE 1,521 15% 9
COUNTRY OF BIRTH Au 5061 India 217 S. Korea 301 Turkey 168 South USA 66 Sudan 166 ATSI 122 Sri Lanka 95 China 287 Lebanon 41 Sudan 69 NZ 567 Pakistan 65 Vietnam 275 Israel 213 Eritrea 54 Colombia 78 UK 396 Burma(My) 47 Iraq 112 S. Africa 62 Brazil 36 Thailand 83 Iran 250 Chile 34 France 169 Malaysia 77 Afghanistan 199 Germany 79 Indonesia 51 Cyprus 50 Philippines 119 10
VISA CATEGORY: ENTERED AUSTRALIA Asylum seeker 269 NZ Passport 639 Working holiday maker 201 Long-stay business visa (457) 193 Student 623 Humanitarian 627 Family 1346 Skill 1056 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 11
RELIGION Decline to answer 262 No religion 2929 Hindu 187 Jewish 380 Buddhist 464 Islam 890 Christian nfd 946 Presbyterian 272 Uniting Church 329 Anglican 917 Roman Catholic 1971 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 12
AGE 1400 1257 1251 1203 1200 1122 1110 1019 982 1000 796 800 720 576 600 400 299 194 200 0 18-24 24-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+ 13
FOCUS GROUPS September 2015 – May 2016 51 Groups + 6 interviews 11 Localities 4 Sydney 4 Melbourne 2 Brisbane 1 Perth 285 Participants 14
POSITIVES: A GOOD COUNTRY FOR AUSTRALIA BORN, A GOOD COUNTRY FOR IMMIGRANT
AU@2015 - arrived 2001-2015 Negative response % ‘Very unhappy’, ‘unhappy’ 13 ‘Strongly dissatisfied’, ‘dissatisfied’ with life in Australia 6 Sense of belonging in Australia, ‘not at all’ 9 16
Top Ten things liked about Australia, first choice, overseas- born arrived 2001-15 The lifestyle/ the Australian way of life 19% There is freedom and democracy The standard of living 17% Education system/ opportunity for children 11% 13% 17
‘To what extent do you have a sense of belonging in Australia?’ by year of arrival 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2011-2015 2006-2010 2001-2005 1991-2000 1981-1990 1971-1980 1961-1970 Great extent Slightly/ not at all 18
OPTIMISM OF THE NEW ARRIVAL ‘ … Hard work brings a better life’ – by year of arrival Response: ‘Disagree’ or ‘Strongly disagree’ 20% 18% 18% 16% 14% 14% 13% 12% 10% 10% 8% 6% 6% 4% 2% 0% ‘Disagree’ or ‘Strongly disagree’ 2011-2015 2006-2010 2001-2005 1996-2000 1991-1995 19
‘How often do you keep in contact with friends and relatives … former home country?’, by SMS and social media, YOA 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-05 2006-10 2011-15 Everyday 25% 32% 36% 44% 43% Several times/week 28% 27% 29% 31% 28% Total 53% 59% 65% 75% 71% Decline, but still 53% 20
‘How often do you watch television and other media form your former home country’, by YOA 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-05 2006-10 2011-15 Everyday 13% 19% 19% 17% 21% Several times/week 13% 12% 13% 16% 15% Total 26% 32% 32% 35% 32% Little change to 1991: entrenched at 1:3 21
VISA CATEGORIES
FINANCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES + TRUST: SOUTH SUDANESE Business Independen Humanitarian - Question 457 t Skill South Sudanese % % % Financial circumstances – ‘poor’, 25 32 81 ‘struggling to pay bills’ ‘just getting along’ ‘Most people can be trusted’ / 68 / 48/ 4/ ‘Can’t be too careful’ 21 32 73 23
SELF DESCRIBED FINANCIAL STATUS: HUMANITARIAN VISA 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Prosperous/ living comfortably Just getting along Struggling/ poor 2011-2015 2006-2010 2000-2005 24
‘Have you experienced discrimination because of your skin colour, ethnic origin or religion over the last 12 months?’ 3 rd % Europe % Asia % Africa % generation Australian SEIFA 10 7 UK 11 Philippines 30 Ethiopia 60 SEIFA 9 12 Netherlands 12 Malaysia 37 Kenya 67 SEIFA 2 25 Italy 13 India 39 Zimbabwe 75 27 Greece 14 China 39 SEIFA 1 South 77 Sudan Germany 15 Thailand 50 Indigenous 59 France 22 Korea, South 55 25
COLOUR PREJUDICE IN AUSTRALIA Sudanese and discrimination – Pre-school – School – Streets – Shops/ shopping centres – Public transport – Police – Neighbours – Applying for jobs – Cultural norms – adjusting to Australian/ western ways Individual capacity to cope 26
arrived 2001-2015 – ‘A lot of trust’ and ‘some trust’ Born in Australia, New Zealand and South Sudan, 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 Doctors Medicare Hospitals Police Australia Public schools Charitable organisations New Zealand Legal system/ Law courts Centrelink Employers South Sudan Department of Immigration Trade unions Parliament in Canberra Real estate agents Political parties 27
INSTITUTIONAL TRUST – BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH AUSTRALIA CHINA + HK INDIA S.SUDAN DOCTORS 88 80 87 82 CENTRELINK 49 73 70 80 IMMIGRATION 37 72 77 35 POLICE 81 76 87 26 EMPLOYERS 69 49 64 20 28
Majority <> Minority Discrimination is not simply a matter of majority/ minority relations Need to understand attitudes/ behaviour within groups 29
AUSTRALIA-BORN
SEGMENTATION OF AUSTRALIA – INCREASING? Increasing diversity – culture, ethnicity, race, religion Increasing numbers (as Australian population grows) Socialisation of the next generation – ‘Growing up different’ – multicultural/ monocultural 31
Ethnic and Cultural Tolerance Scale Scale = 9 questions aggregated Maximum score = 45; low score = <10 , indicating intolerance/ rejection of cultural diversity Birthplace/ % Region % Age % Gender Third generation 29 Major city 18 25-34 18 All Au. born 26 Inner regional 25 55-64 25 Au. born Male/ Outer regional 39 65+ 26 Female 35/ 17 32
Ethnic and Cultural Tolerance Scale – birthplace 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-45 Australia Overseas-ESB Overseas-NESB 33
Ethnic and Cultural Tolerance scale by highest educational attainment 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-45 Trade/ apprentice Bachelor degree Post-graduate 34
Ethnic and Cultural Tolerance scale by ancestry 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-45 3rd Gen AU Au-born, parents NESB 35
KEY ISSUES
PLUS / MINUS Level of efficiency expected from immigration? What is working well? – Positive disposition/ view of Australia/ hope-optimism – Business (457) Less well? – Recognition of qualifications/ Utilisation of qualifications – Humanitarian program – short/ medium/ long-term? A divided Australia? Mono/ multicultural – Age, education, environment (region) Long term cost/ benefit of current policy settings 37
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