ARCTIC CORING EXPEDITION EXPEDITION AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 2004 AUGUST - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ARCTIC CORING EXPEDITION EXPEDITION AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 2004 AUGUST SEPTEMBER 2004 • Part of the Integrated Ocean Drilling g g Program (IODP) • Sponsored by Americans, Japanese, and ECORD a consortium of European and Scandinavian countries, plus Canada

Purpose Purpose • Scientific expedition to take a core from Scientific expedition to take a core from the Lomonosov Ridge near the North Pole. • Core to be analyzed for: • Core to be analyzed for: – Climatic History of the Arctic Ocean over past 50 million years 50 million years – Duration of permanent ice over Pole – Origin of Lomonosov Ridge g g – Sedimentation rate on Lomonosov Ridge – Etc. First core ever from this region. g

Schedule of Trip Schedule of Trip • Met Tromso, Norway on August 6 th , 2004 • I went onto Icebreaker Oden • Took off with Vidar Viking at midnight g g • Met Sovetskiy Soyuz at ice edge 81º N • Arrived at coring site on August 11 th Arrived at coring site on August 11 • Cored for 3 ½ weeks, until September 7 th • North Pole on September 8 th • North Pole on September 8 th • Back in Tromso on September 12 th

Lomonosov Ridge Lomonosov Ridge

TROMSO, NORWAY

TROMSO, NORWAY

Oden Oden

Vidar Viking Vidar Viking

Maximum Ice Class 23,000 tonnes Sovetskiy Soyuz (Soviet Union) 75 000 hp 75,000 hp Nuclear

Convoy to Well Site

Oden and Vidar Viking in Convoy Oden and Vidar Viking in Convoy

Occasional Spectators Occasional Spectators

Ice Everywhere! Ice Everywhere! • 8 • 8 – 9/10 ice during transit 9/10 ice during transit • Transit used leads as much as possible • Actual route about 20% more than direct route • Transit to coring site took 5 days; 2 days Transit to coring site took 5 days; 2 days less than planned

Ice Thickness Ice Thickness Ice Thickness Ice Thickness • • Measured against calibrated rod Measured against calibrated rod • Ice just over 1m thick near pack edge • 2.5 to 3.5 m at coring site • Ridges to 10m thick • Up to 7 to 8/10 old ice at coring site • Very severe ice conditions at site y 3 m 3 m

Drill Site Drill Site • Took 5 days to get to drill site at 88º N and y g 140º E (two days less than expected). • Site chosen on Lomonosov Ridge based Site chosen on Lomonosov Ridge based on seismic done in 2001. Seismic showed seabed sediments very well stratified and seabed sediments very well stratified and in distinct layers. • Water depth 1 200m; sediments ~420m • Water depth 1,200m; sediments ~420m thick.

Ice Management for Drill Ship Ice Management for Drill Ship • Vidar Viking the drill ship needed to stay over a specific Vidar Viking, the drill ship, needed to stay over a specific location in the moving ice. • Icebreaker Sovetskiy Soyuz broke up Big ice floes (>500 I b k S t ki S b k Bi i fl (>500 m) into Medium floes (100 to 500 m), 1 to 3 km up drift. • Oden broke the Medium floes to Ice Cake (3 to 20m), 0.2 to 1km updrift.

Vidar Viking Operation Vidar Viking Operation • Vidar Viking operated with manual control Vidar Viking operated with manual control mainly using propeller and rudder to hold position causing minimal load on boat position, causing minimal load on boat. • V V could deviate only 50m off location while drilling. hil d illi • V V occasionally rammed larger ice floes. y g

Vessels Protecting Vidar Viking Vessels Protecting Vidar Viking Sovetskiy Soyuz Sovetskiy Soyuz Oden Vidar Viking

Aerial Photo Direction of ice Drillship Vidar drift Viking Viking (stationary) Oden Oden Large unbroken Large unbroken ice floes Sovetskiy Soyuz

Icebreaker Ice Management Tracks g Oden Ice tracking Vidar Viking buoy buoy Sovetskiy Soyuz

Vidar Viking on Well Site

Ice Management at Close Quarters

Vidar Viking in Ice • Ice moved continuously • Ice from 2.5 to 3.5m thick plus ridges • • Vessel held on one location for 8 days Vessel held on one location for 8 days • Ice was 7-8/10 old ice • Drillship operated in floes 300 to 500m diam before they were managed

DP Control on Vidar Viking Very sophisticated control system. Manually controlled due to nature of ice loads. C Captain and mates worked around clock. t i d t k d d l k

Ice Tracking Ice Tracking • GPS Buoys were used to track the ice floes. GPS Buoys were used to track the ice floes. • Three buoys placed on ice near Vidar Viking. • Buoys transmitted their location every 5 minutes Buoys transmitted their location every 5 minutes with accuracy of 2.5m. Max range about 5km. • Buoys gave ice drift speed and direction Buoys gave ice drift speed and direction. • Vidar Viking had to rotate so bow pointed into oncoming ice. o co g ce • Ice breakers always operated up drift of drillship

INSTALLING ICE TRACKER BUOY ON ICE FLOE

Ice Information Ice Information • Satellite images – only Canadian Radarsat Satellite images only Canadian Radarsat satellite was useful due to high latitude and cloud cover and cloud cover. • Helicopter ice reconnaissance daily. • Sovetskiy Soyuz ice reconnaissance and S t ki S i i d assessment of ice. • Ice forecasts every 12 hours based on forecast winds.

2 n. miles Radarsat Image Radarsat Image August 17 08:27UTC Icebreaker tracks

Ice Survey with Helicopter

Drills site Ice Floes GPS Track of Helicopter Helicopter Ice Survey p y Direction ice with Ice Forecast motion

Ice Forecast on Radarsat Yellow line indicates where ice is coming from. Numbers are time-month-day Black ovals are large, potentially dangerous ice t ti ll d i floes Direction Ice Motion Well Site

Sovetskiy Soyuz in Ice Sovetskiy Soyuz in Ice

CAPTAIN MAX SHIRLEY & ARNO KEINONEN ( CAPTAIN MAX SHIRLEY & ARNO KEINONEN (exactly 2 m) l 2 ) REPLACEMENT BLADES FOR SOVETSKIY SOYUZ

EXAMPLE OF ICE MILLING BY OPEN BLADES ON SOVETSKIY SOYUZ

Sovetskiy Soyuz Nuclear Control Sovetskiy Soyuz Nuclear Control Room

Nuclear Reactor on Sovetskiy Soyuz

Gym on Sovetskiy Soyuz

Swimming Pool on Sovetskiy Soyuz

Dining Room on Sovetskiy Soyuz Soyuz

Sovetskiy Soyuz

Hercules Fly Past after Drop Hercules Fly Past after Drop

LOW FLY BY

Quick-Draw Roger about to get a Ph Phone Call C ll • Ericksson provided Ericksson provided everyone with cell phone. • I could phone directly to anyone on any of the three ships and the three ships, and have private phone conversation. • Very quiet on ship – No PA system .

Ice Forecasting

Ice Forecasting Ice Forecasting Empirical formula Empirical formula V V ice = 0.017 x V wind (and 40° to right) + V tidal + V non-tidal 0 017 V V V There was no tide and no measurable non-tidal current, so V ice = 0.017 x V wind (and 40° to right) ice wind

Comparison of Forecast and Measured Winds 400 8.0 Measured wind Direction Forecast Wind Direction Measured wind speed 350 7.0 forecast wind speed 300 6.0 250 5.0 200 4.0 150 3.0 100 2.0 50 1.0 0 0.0 9/2/04 12:00 9/2/04 14:00 9/2/04 16:00 9/2/04 18:00 9/2/04 20:00 9/2/04 22:00 9/3/04 0:00 9/3/04 2:00 9/3/04 4:00 9/3/04 6:00 9/3/04 8:00 9/3/04 10:00 9/3/04 12:00 9/3/04 14:00 9/3/04 16:00 9/3/04 18:00 9/3/04 20:00 9/3/04 22:00 9/4/04 0:00 9/4/04 2:00 9/4/04 4:00 9/4/04 6:00 9/4/04 8:00 9/4/04 10:00 9/4/04 12:00

Drift speed (kt t) 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 Comparison of Forecast and Measured Ice Drift 8/17/04 19 9:00 8/18/04 1 1:00 8/18/04 7 7:00 8/18/04 13 3:00 8/18/04 19 9:00 ( Speeds are blue and Directions are pink) 8/19/04 1 1:00 8/19/04 7 7:00 Measured Ice Drift Direction Forecast Ice Drift Direction Measured Ice Drift Speed Forecast Ice Drift Speed (kt) 8/19/04 13 3:00 8/19/04 19 9:00 Forecast and Measured Ice Drift Speed and Direction Forecast and Measured Ice Drift Speed and Direction 8/20/04 1 1:00 8/20/04 7 7:00 8/20/04 13 3:00 8/20/04 19 9:00 8/21/04 1 1:00 8/21/04 7 7:00 8/21/04 13 3:00 8/21/04 19 9:00 Date and time 8/22/04 1 1:00 8/22/04 7 7:00 8/22/04 13 3:00 8/22/04 19 9:00 8/23/04 1 1:00 8/23/04 7 7:00 8/23/04 13 3:00 8/23/04 19 9:00 8/24/04 1 1:00 8/24/04 7 7:00 8/24/04 13 3:00 8/24/04 19 9:00 8/25/04 1 1:00 8/25/04 7 7:00 8/25/04 13 3:00 8/25/04 19 9:00 8/26/04 1 1:00 8/26/04 7 7:00 8/26/04 13 3:00 8/26/04 19 9:00 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Drift Direction n

Two Helicopters on Oden Helicopters for ice surveys Helicopters for ice surveys Personnel transportation between ships Placing and recovery of ice drift buoys g y y

Deck of Vidar Viking Moonpool added Drillrig added Contained all drill supplies Several laboratories for core analysis Several laboratories for core analysis

DRILL BIT

Corer F Forced into sediment by hydraulic pressure d i t di t b h d li 4.5 m cores taken each time About 1 hour to recover core on wireline About 1 hour to recover core on wireline About 10 days for 420 m core