AP Chemistry The Atom 2015-08-25 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 113 - PDF document

Slide 1 / 113 Slide 2 / 113 AP Chemistry The Atom 2015-08-25 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 113 Table of Contents: The Atom (Pt. B) Click on the topic to go to that section · Periodic Table · Periodic Trends

Slide 4 / 113 Periodic Table Return to Table of Contents Slide 5 / 113 The Periodic Law Recall that the periodic law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements tend to recur in a systematic way when arranged by increasing atomic number. Slide 6 / 113 Special Groups Some groups have distinctive properties and are given special names. Alkaline Earth Metals Noble Gases Halogens Alkali Metals Transition Metals

Slide 7 / 113 1 What is the atomic number for the element in period 3, group 16? Slide 7 (Answer) / 113 1 What is the atomic number for the element in period 3, group 16? Answer 16 [This object is a pull tab] Slide 8 / 113 2 What is the atomic number for the element in period 5, group 3?

Slide 8 (Answer) / 113 2 What is the atomic number for the element in period 5, group 3? Answer 6 [This object is a pull tab] Slide 9 / 113 3 To which group on the periodic table does Neon belong? Alkali Metals A B Transition Metals Noble Gases C D Alkaline Earth Metals Slide 9 (Answer) / 113 3 To which group on the periodic table does Neon belong? Alkali Metals A Transition Metals B Answer Noble Gases C C Alkaline Earth Metals D [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 10 / 113 4 To which group on the periodic table does Iron belong? Alkali Metals A B Transition Metals Halogens C Alkaline Earth Metals D Slide 10 (Answer) / 113 4 To which group on the periodic table does Iron belong? A Alkali Metals B Transition Metals Halogens C Answer B D Alkaline Earth Metals [This object is a pull tab] Slide 11 / 113 5 To which group on the periodic table does Beryllium belong? Alkali Metals A Transition Metals B Halogens C Alkaline Earth Metals D

Slide 11 (Answer) / 113 5 To which group on the periodic table does Beryllium belong? Alkali Metals A B Transition Metals Answer Halogens C D Alkaline Earth Metals D [This object is a pull tab] Slide 12 / 113 6 Two elements are studied. One with atomic number X and one with atomic number X+1. It is known that element X is a Noble Gas. Which group on the periodic table is X+1 in? Transition Metals A Halogens B Alkali Metals C There is no way to tell D Slide 12 (Answer) / 113 6 Two elements are studied. One with atomic number X and one with atomic number X+1. It is known that element X is a Noble Gas. Which group on the periodic table is X+1 in? Transition Metals A B Halogens Alkali Metals C Answer There is no way to tell D C [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 13 / 113 Periodic Table & Electron Configuration 1A 2A 8A 1 2 18 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 13 14 15 16 17 8B } 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 There are two methods for labeling the groups, the older method shown in black on the top and the newer method shown in blue on the bottom. Slide 14 / 113 Periodic Table & Electron Configuration Click here to view an Interactive Periodic Table that shows orbitals for each Element Click here for an electron orbital game. Slide 15 / 113 7 The highlighted elements below are in the A s block B d block C p block D f block

Slide 15 (Answer) / 113 7 The highlighted elements below are in the A s block B d block C p block D f block Answer B [This object is a pull tab] Slide 16 / 113 8 The highlighted elements below are in the A s block B d block C p block D f block Slide 16 (Answer) / 113 8 The highlighted elements below are in the A s block B d block C p block D f block Answer A [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 17 / 113 9 The highlighted elements below are in the A s block B d block C p block D f block Slide 17 (Answer) / 113 9 The highlighted elements below are in the A s block B d block C p block Answer D f block D [This object is a pull tab] Slide 18 / 113 10 The electron configuration ending ns 2 p 6 belongs in which group of the periodic table A Alkali Metals B Alkaline Earth Metals C Halogens D Noble Gases

Slide 18 (Answer) / 113 10 The electron configuration ending ns 2 p 6 belongs in which group of the periodic table A Alkali Metals B Alkaline Earth Metals C Halogens D Noble Gases Answer D [This object is a pull tab] Slide 19 / 113 11 An unknown element has an electron configuration ending in s 2 . It is most likely in which group? A Alkaline Earth Metals B Halogens C Alkali Metals D Transition Metals Slide 19 (Answer) / 113 11 An unknown element has an electron configuration ending in s 2 . It is most likely in which group? A Alkaline Earth Metals B Halogens Answer C Alkali Metals A D Transition Metals [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 20 / 113 Shorthand Configurations Noble Gas elements are used to write shortened electron configurations. To write a Shorthand Configuration for an element: (1) Write the Symbol of the Noble Gas element from the row before it in brackets [ ]. (2) Add the remaining electrons by starting at the s orbital of the row that the element is in until the configuration is complete. Slide 21 / 113 12 What would be the expected "shorthand" electron configuration for Sulfur (S)? A [He]3s 2 3p 4 B [Ar]3s 2 4p 4 C [Ne]3s 2 3p 3 D [Ne]3s 2 3p 4 Slide 21 (Answer) / 113 12 What would be the expected "shorthand" electron configuration for Sulfur (S)? A [He]3s 2 3p 4 B [Ar]3s 2 4p 4 C [Ne]3s 2 3p 3 Answer D [Ne]3s 2 3p 4 D [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 22 / 113 13 Which of the following represents an electron configuration of a Halogen? A [He]2s 1 B [Ne]3s 2 3p 5 C [Ar]4s 2 3d 2 D [Kr]5s 2 4d 10 5p 4 Slide 22 (Answer) / 113 13 Which of the following represents an electron configuration of a Halogen? A [He]2s 1 B [Ne]3s 2 3p 5 C [Ar]4s 2 3d 2 Answer D [Kr]5s 2 4d 10 5p 4 B [This object is a pull tab] Slide 23 / 113 14 The electron configuration [Ar]4s 2 3d 5 belongs in which group of the periodic table A Alkali Metals B Alkaline Earth Metals C Transition Metals D Halogens

Slide 23 (Answer) / 113 14 The electron configuration [Ar]4s 2 3d 5 belongs in which group of the periodic table A Alkali Metals B Alkaline Earth Metals C Transition Metals D Halogens Answer B [This object is a pull tab] Slide 24 / 113 15 Which of the following represents an electron configuration of an alkaline earth metal? A [He]2s 1 B [Ne]3s 2 3p 6 C [Ar]4s 2 3d 2 D [Xe]6s 2 Slide 24 (Answer) / 113 15 Which of the following represents an electron configuration of an alkaline earth metal? A [He]2s 1 B [Ne]3s 2 3p 6 C [Ar]4s 2 3d 2 D [Xe]6s 2 Answer D [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 25 / 113 Stability When the elements were studied scientists noticed that some of them do not react in certain situations in which others do. These elements were labeled "stable" because they did not change easily. When these stable elements were grouped together, it was noted that periodically, there were patterns in the occurrence of stable elements. Today we recognize that this difference in stability is due to electron configurations. Slide 26 / 113 Stability Elements of varying stability fall into one of 3 categories. The most stable atoms have completely full energy levels. ~Full Energy Level ~Full Sublevel (s, p, d, f) ~Half Full Sublevel ( d 5 , f 7 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7 Slide 27 / 113 Stability Next in order of stability are elements with full sublevels. ~Full Energy Level ~Full Sublevel (s, p, d, f) ~Half Full Sublevel ( d 5 , f 7 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7

Slide 28 / 113 Stability Finally, the elements with half full sublevels are also stable, but not as stable as elements with fully energy levels or sublevels. ~Full Energy Level ~Full Sublevel (s, p, d, f) ~Half Full Sublevel ( d 5 , f 7 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7 Slide 29 / 113 16 The elements in the periodic table that have completely filled shells or subshells are referred to as: A noble gases. B halogens. C alkali metals. D transition elements. Slide 29 (Answer) / 113 16 The elements in the periodic table that have completely filled shells or subshells are referred to as: A noble gases. B halogens. Answer A C alkali metals. D transition elements. [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 30 / 113 17 Alkaline earth metals are more stable than alkali metals because... A they have a full shell. B they have a full subshell. C they have a half-full subshell. D they contain no p orbitals. Slide 30 (Answer) / 113 17 Alkaline earth metals are more stable than alkali metals because... A they have a full shell. B they have a full subshell. Answer B C they have a half-full subshell. D they contain no p orbitals. [This object is a pull tab] Slide 31 / 113 18 The elements in the periodic table which lack one electron from a filled shell are referred to as: A noble gases. B halogens. C alkali metals. D transition elements.