and Production Yanhong Liu University of California, Davis UC DAVIS - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Non-nutrition: the future of nutrition? Non-nutrients in Swine Health and Production Yanhong Liu University of California, Davis UC DAVIS IS

Outline • World population & calorie demand • Non-nutrients - a novel concept • Examples • Overall summary • Take home message UC DAVIS IS

World population 1965 = 100 400 350 9.6 billion 300 250 200 36.7% 150 Population 100 50 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2007) UC DAVIS IS

Food calories 1965 = 100 31.4% 400 350 300 Calories 250 200 36.7% 150 Population 100 50 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2007) UC DAVIS IS

Global demand for meat UC DAVIS IS

Swine production • Technologies  Genetics  Management  Reproduction  Health Non-nutrients  Nutrition UC DAVIS IS

Non-nutrients • Bioactive compounds • No nutrient contribution to animals • But, have physiological activities beyond provision of bioactive compounds UC DAVIS IS

Antibiotics UC DAVIS IS

Livestock antibiotics use 2010: 63,000 tons 2 1 3 Van Boeckel et al., 2015 UC DAVIS IS

Antibiotics in feed • Treat Disease • Growth promoter  Antibiotic resistance  Banned in the European Union since 2006  Increasing restricted in the U.S. • FDA’s GFI #213 UC DAVIS IS

Non-nutritive sweeteners UC DAVIS IS

Artificial sweeteners • Synthetic sugar substitutes • Intensive sweeteners • Pleasant taste, enhance palatability, reinforce taste preference, and promote consumption UC DAVIS IS

Feeding artificial sweeteners increased feed intake of weaning pigs 150 mg/kg Sterk et al., 2008 UC DAVIS IS

Sweeteners enhanced glucose uptake of weaning pigs 2.5 2.0 * * * 1.5 * 1.0 0.5 0.0 D-glucose uptake Control Sucram Saccharin NHDC Saccharin+NHDC NHDC = neohesperidin dihydrochalcone Moran et al., 2010 UC DAVIS IS

Sweeteners enhanced expression of glucose co-transporters in weaning pigs 2.5 * * * 2.0 * * * * * 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 SGLT-1 mRNA SGLT-1 protein Control Sucram Saccharin NHDC Saccharin+NHDC NHDC = neohesperidin dihydrochalcone Moran et al., 2010 UC DAVIS IS

Artificial sweeteners • Pre- & post-weaning periods • Improve feed intake • Improve feed efficiency • Prevent weaning-related malabsorption UC DAVIS IS

Exogenous enzymes UC DAVIS IS

Anti-nutritional factors • Anti-nutritional factors in animal feed  Examples: phytic acid, glucosinolates, non-starch polysaccharides  Reducing amino acid digestibility  Binding to various nutrients  Disturbing intestinal functions UC DAVIS IS

Exogenous enzymes • Exogenous enzymes help to degrade the indigestible components in diet and help to alleviate the negative effects of anti-nutritional factors UC DAVIS IS

Exogenous enzymes Enzyme Main substrate Phytase Phytic acid Xylanase Arabinoxylans Galactosidase Galatosides β -mannans Mannanase Protease Proteins UC DAVIS IS

Dietary phytase enhanced P utilization of weaning pigs 3.5 a a 3.0 b 2.5 Linear: P < 0.05 2.0 a g a b 1.5 Linear: P < 0.05 Linear: P < 0.05 1.0 a a b 0.5 0.0 Bone weight Bone ash Bone P Negative control 250 FTU/kg phytase 500 FTU/kg phytase Liu et al., 2016 UC DAVIS IS

Dietary phytase improved growth performance of pigs fed P-deficient diets 800 0.58 a Linear: P < 0.05 b b 700 0.57 a 600 0.56 500 0.55 g a a 400 0.54 b b 300 0.53 0.52 200 Linear: P < 0.05 Linear: P < 0.05 c 0.51 100 0.50 0 G:F ADG ADFI Negative control 250 FTU/kg phytase 500 FTU/kg phytase Liu et al., 2016 UC DAVIS IS

Xylanase improved energy digestibility of pigs Item Full-fat rice bran Defatted rice bran NDF, % 10.36 13.29 ADF, % 5.65 6.61 Hemicellulose, % 4.71 6.68 ME without xylanase, kcal/kg 3,856 2,936 ME with xylanase, kcal/kg 4,198 3,225 ME: metabolizable energy Xylanase dose: 16,000 units/kg Casas and Stein, 2016 UC DAVIS IS

Exogenous enzymes • Improve digestibility of nutrients and energy • Improve sustainability of pig production by increasing the utilization of fibrous by-products in pigs UC DAVIS IS

Probiotics & prebiotics UC DAVIS IS

Probiotics & prebiotics • Probiotics: live microorganisms that have beneficial effects on the host when ingested • Prebiotics: compounds able to improve the growth of beneficial microbes in the GI tract Salminen et al., 1998 Gilson et al., 2004 UC DAVIS IS

Probiotics • Main categories • Bacillus (Gram +, spore-formers) • Lactic acid-producing bacteria • Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus • Yeast UC DAVIS IS

Prebiotics • Inulin • Fructo-oligosaccharides • Galacto-oligosaccharides • Transgalacto-oligosaccharides • Soy oligosaccharides • Lactose • etc. UC DAVIS IS

Probiotics: LGG Jejunal mucosa 50 500 20 40 16 400 a ng/mg protein μg /mg protein U/mg protein 30 12 300 a a Control b LGG b 20 8 200 b 10 4 100 0 0 0 Mucin 2 sIgA Mucin 1 Dose: 10 9 CFU/g LGG = Lactobacillus rhamnosus Weanling pigs: 6.7 kg BW Mao et al., 2016 UC DAVIS IS

Probiotics: LGG 7 Ileal mucosa a b 6 a Log10 (copies/g) 5 b 4 Control LGG 3 2 1 0 Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium E. coli Dose: 10 9 CFU/g LGG = Lactobacillus rhamnosus Weanling pigs: 6.7 kg BW Mao et al., 2016 UC DAVIS IS

Prebiotics: fructan 80 a a 79 a ATTD, % 78 Control b 1% Fructan 77 b b 76 75 DM Nitrogen Gross energy Growing pigs: 73 kg BW Zhao et al., 2013 UC DAVIS IS

Prebiotics: fructan 10 Fecal sample 9 a 8 Log10 cfu/g b a 7 b 6 Control 5 4 1% Fructan 3 2 1 0 Lactobacillus E. coli Growing pigs: 73 kg BW Zhao et al., 2013 UC DAVIS IS

Probiotics & prebiotics Potential mechanisms Probiotic microbes Completing binding Modulation of Metabolites sites and nutrients immune system • Inhibit pathogens • Inhibit pathogen attachment • Increase gut barrier function • Modulate immunity • Alter nutrient digestibility UC DAVIS IS

Plant extracts UC DAVIS IS

Plant extracts • Concentrated, hydrophobic, volatile aroma • Mixtures of secondary plant metabolites • Biological effects:  Antimicrobial  Anti-inflammatory  Antioxidant  Others: Antiviral, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, Antitoxigenic UC DAVIS IS

Frequency of diarrhea Sham E. coli Control vs. plant extracts Control vs. plant extracts 45 P < 0.05 P < 0.05 40 35 Control 30 Capsicum 25 % Garlicon 20 Turmeric 15 10 5 0 d0-11 PI d0-11 PI Pig days with diarrhea score ≥ 3 1, normal; 5, watery diarrhea Liu et al., 2013 UC DAVIS IS

Possible mechanism for reduced diarrhea Ileal villi height (d 5 PI) MUC2 in Ileal mucosa (d 5 PI) 450 180 400 150 350 * * * * * Control 300 120 Capsicum 250 Garlicon 90 μm 200 Turmeric 60 150 100 30 50 0 0 Sham E. coli E. coli  Possibly improved gut barrier function! Liu et al., 2013, 2014 UC DAVIS IS

Plant extracts reduced systemic inflammation caused by E. coli infection Serum TNF- α White blood cell counts 40 120 35 100 30 * 80 × 1000/ μ L * 25 * * * * pg/mL * 20 60 * * 15 40 10 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 5 0 0 d5 PI d11 PI d5 PI d11 PI Control Capsicum Garlicon Turmeric Liu et al., 2013 UC DAVIS IS

Plant extracts reduced gut inflammation caused by E. coli infection Ileal mucosa, d 5 PI Ileal mucosa, d 5 PI 2500 250 Relative mRNA expression 2000 200 Number/mm 2 1500 150 * * * * * * * * 1000 * 100 * * * 100 80 60 40 20 0 500 50 0 0 COX-2 TNFA Macrophage Neutrophil Control Capsicum Garlicon Turmeric Liu et al., 2013 UC DAVIS IS

Plant extracts • Weanling pigs • Increase disease resistance • Enhance gut barrier function • Modify immune responses UC DAVIS IS

Overall summary • Non-nutrients  Nutrient digestibility or absorption  Gut microbial ecology  Gut integrity and barrier function  Host immune responses UC DAVIS IS

Take home message • The importance of using non-nutrients will be increased to maintain pig health and promote grow performance • More research are needed for the best practical solutions for swine health and production UC DAVIS IS

Non-nutrition: the future of nutrition? Acknowledgement • Dr. James Pettigrew’s Lab at University of Illinois • Dr. Hans Stein’s Lab at University of Illinois • Symposium committee • Pancosma • ASAS UC DAVIS IS

Non-nutrition: the future of nutrition? Liu Animal Nutrition Laboratory • Nutrients & Non-nutrients on gut health of weaning pigs http://liu.faculty.ucdavis.edu/ UC DAVIS IS