10/20/2014 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF ANGLICAN CHRISTIANITY Did Henry VIII really start the Church of England? 1
10/20/2014 Christianity Arrives in the British Isles A Movement On the Move 2
10/20/2014 Evolving Leadership JESUS OTHERS John Peter James APOSTLES BISHOPS Polycarp Ignatius Simeon Clement Cletus Linus Evaristus Justus Pothinius Irenaeus Early Celtic Christianity 3
10/20/2014 A Unique Tradition Celtic Christianity was unique in its • focus on monasticism • being less hierarchical • distinct monastic tonsure • different penitential routine • different date of Easter • simpler baptismal rite • unique tradition of “living in exile” for Christ Early Celtic Martyrs St. Aaron & St. Julius 4
10/20/2014 Other Celtic Saints St. Patrick St. Brigid St. Columba Iona Abbey • St. Columba traveled to an island off of Scotland and established Iona Abbey there 5
10/20/2014 St. Augustine Arrives • In 597, the Pope sent Augustine with other missionaries to establish churches in Britain • He succeeded in converting the Kingdom of Northumbria • He established his diocese at Canterbury St. Augustine & the Celts • St. Augustine was successful in establishing new churches and growing the church. • But, many of the pre-existing Celtic bishops would not recognize his authority 6
10/20/2014 St. Augustine & the Celts • St. Augustine was successful in establishing new churches and growing the church. • But, many of the pre-existing Celtic bishops would not recognize his authority The Romanizing of Britain 7
10/20/2014 Synod at Whitby • The Kingdom of Northumbria now followed the Roman practices • After the death of King Edwin, King Oswald inherits the throne • King Oswald grew up at Iona while in exile as a youth; like the Ionans, he followed the Celtic practices • King Oswald marries Eanfled of Bernicia, who followed the Roman practices as well Synod at Whitby • Can you have a King and Queen that observed different forms of Christianity and celebrate Easter at different times? • The King sets up synod at the monastery of Hilda to settle the matter. Bishop Colman advocates for the Ionan tradition; Wilfrid advocates for the Roman tradition. • Ultimately the Roman tradition wins out and the Ionan/Celtic tradition is suppressed 8
10/20/2014 Moving Towards An English Reformation Those Defiant Brits • In 1306, Edward I’s Parliament rules that no religious tax can be sent out of the country • In 1351, Edward III’s Parliament rules that the Pope has no authority over English property 9
10/20/2014 Those Defiant Brits • In 1353, the same Parliament rules no citizen may appeal to any higher power outside of England (i.e. the Pope): “that the right of recovering the presentments to churches, prebends, and other benefices … belongeth only to the king’s court of the old right of his crown, used and approved in the time of all his progenitors kings of England” Pre-Reformation Figures ������� 10
10/20/2014 King Henry VIII • 1491, Henry is born • 1501, Henry’s brother Arthur marries Catherine of Aragon • 1502, Arthur dies • 1505, the Pope grants a dispensation so Henry can marry Catherine. • 1509, Henry’s father dies King Henry VIII • 1509, Henry marries Catherine • 1509, weeks later he becomes King. • 1511, a son is born but dies 52 days later • 1513, a 2 nd son is stillborn • 1514, another son is stillborn 11
10/20/2014 King Henry VIII • 1516, Mary is born • 1521, Pope Leo X declares Henry “Fidei Defensor” • 1527, Henry petitions the Pope Clement VII for an annulment (it was denied) • 1528, Henry openly begins a relationship with Anne Boleyn King Henry VIII • 1528, Henry continues to negotiate for an annulment • 1529, it becomes clear the Pope will not budge • 1532, Henry appoints Thomas Cranmer as the new Archbishop of Canterbury 12
10/20/2014 King Henry VIII • 1532, Henry secretly marries Anne Boleyn • 1533, Archbishop Cranmer rules that Henry’s marriage to Catherine was invalid & that his marriage to Anne is valid • 1533, Elizabeth is born King Henry VIII • 1533, Henry passes the First Act of Succession • 1534, Parliament’s 2 nd Act of Succession declares the Church of England independent of Rome and declares the King to be the head of the Church • Pope Clement excommunicates Henry & Cranmer 13
10/20/2014 The English Church in Reformation The Church under Henry • All services still in Latin • The Church and its theology virtually unchanged • Confession still compulsory • Transubstantiation and Purgatory still taught • Celibacy still required for clergy • Private masses still continue 14
10/20/2014 King Edward VI • After Henry’s death in 1547, Edward becomes King at age 16 • Edward’s advisors are very Protestant • The Church of England begins to become more Protestant: – The vernacular used in churches – A new English Prayer Book – The Articles of Religion are published – Changes in Rites & Theology Queen Mary • In 1553, when Edward dies, Mary becomes queen • She restores things to the way they were: – Country is Roman Catholic again – Protestant-minded clergy are deposed, some even executed – All liturgical and church changes are undone • Mary dies childless in 1558 15
10/20/2014 Queen Elizabeth I • In 1558, Elizabeth becomes queen • She tries to find a compromise, so Catholic-minded and Protestant-minded people can remain together in the same independent Church of England • A new Prayer Book is issued in 1559 • Revised Articles of Religion are published in 1563 The American Church 16
10/20/2014 Religion in the Colonies • The Church of England comes to America as English colonies are established. • 1607, the first mission at Jamestown, VA • American missions are under the authority of the Bishop of London—although he never visited • Clergy must travel to England to be ordained, generations go unconfirmed in America The Revolution • 1776, Declaration of Independence • Many clergy are loyalists • By necessity, the American church must become independent too 17
10/20/2014 Birth of the American Church • 1784, Samuel Seabury sent to Scotland to be ordained a Bishop • 1789, the Episcopal Church organized in Philadelphia. • 1789, a revised American Prayer Book is adopted A Revolutionary Church • Absalom Jones ordained as first black priest in 1804 18
10/20/2014 A Revolutionary Church • First monastic community in Anglicanism after the Reformation is established in Valley Crucis, NC in 1847 A Revolutionary Church • Many Episcopalians were actively involved in fighting segregation and discrimination during the Civil Rights Movement • One bold seminarian Jonathan Daniels, dies while doing so in 1965 19
10/20/2014 A Revolutionary Church • In 1976, 11 women were ordained—in violation of the canons—in Philadelphia, paving the way for women’s ordination (England would not ordain women until 1994) A Revolutionary Church • A completely revised Prayer Book, with much original material, is adopted in 1979 • It represents the first significant departure from the 1662 BCP text • It inspires prayer books in other provinces in the world • Other denominations also borrow from its liturgies 20
10/20/2014 A Revolutionary Church • Barbara Harris becomes the first female bishop, ordained as an assisting bishop in Boston, in 1989 A Revolutionary Church • Gene Robinson is consecrated as a bishop, making him the first-ever openly gay man to serve as bishop in any church 21
10/20/2014 A Revolutionary Church • Katharine Jefferts Schori is elected Presiding Bishop in 2006 and becomes the first- ever Primate (national head) of an Anglican province 22
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