Ali Kamandi Spring 2007 kamandi@sharif.edu Sharif University of - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Ali Kamandi Spring 2007 kamandi@sharif.edu Sharif University of Technology

� Internet History � Internet Evolution � Internet Pioneers � Internet Growth � Conclusion

� 1836 Telegraph invented by Cooke and Wheatstone Morse code to send and receive messages. ◦ ◦ Used extensively by the U.S. Government during the American Civil War, 1861 - 1865 � 1876 Telephone invented

1901 Marconi transmits radio signal across Atlantic from Poldhu (Cornwall) to Newfoundland.

� The Father of Modern Information Theory � Published ”A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in 1948 � Won a Nobel prize for his master’s thesis in 1936, titled, “A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits”.

� The largest network of networks in the world. � Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching . � Runs on any communications network. � Providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources

US forms Advanced Research Projects Agency (APRA) (1957) The Internet was conceived in the early 1960's, in answer to the question: "How could the US government communicate, after a nuclear attack?“

� Leonard Kleinrock, MIT: "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" (1961) First paper on packet-switching (PS) theory � Network Measurement

Messages are divided into packets before they are sent. Each packet is transmitted individually and can follow different routes to its destination. Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.

� Licklider developed the idea of a universal network , and inspired his successors to realize his dream by creation of the ARPANET . ( MIT 1962 )

� He developed the field of packet switching networks while conducting research at the historic RAND organization. His 1964 series of papers then influenced � Roberts and Kleinrock to adopt the technology for development of the ARPANET network a few years later � Baran has also received several awards, including the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal, and the Marconi International Fellowship Award.

� Ted Nelson is a somewhat controversial figure in the computing world. For thirty- something years he has been having grand ideas but has never seen them through to completed projects. His biggest project, Xanadu, was to be a world-wide electronic publishing system that would have created a sort universal library for the people. He is known for coining the term " hypertext ."

� Summary : Lawrence Roberts was the ARPANET program manager, and led the overall system design. � Lawrence Roberts obtained his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from MIT � In 1965 , working with Thomas Marill, connected TX-2 computer in Mass to Q32 in California (The first WAN) � The first email utility program (1972) (expanding the basic email software developed by Ray Tomlinson at BBN)

• A listing of messages, indexed by subject and date • The ability to selectively delete messages • The ability to receive and send mail from the same program • The ability to forward messages, to automatically include (sender) address with the message • The ability to file and save messages • A standard protocol to allow the exchange of messages between programs.

� Bob Kahn is co-designer of the TCP/IP networking protocol. � In 1972 Kahn organized a large, very successful demonstration of the ARPANET at th International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC).

• Ethernet outlined -- how local networks are basically connected. • File Transfer protocol (FTP) specified -- how computers send and receive data. • Transmission Control Program (TCP) specified. Packet network Intercommunication -- the basis of Internet Communication

� 1968 - DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) contracts with BBN (Bolt, Beranek & Newman) to create ARPAnet � 1970 - First five nodes: ◦ UCLA ◦ Stanford ◦ UC Santa Barbara ◦ U of Utah, and ◦ BBN � 1974 - TCP specification by Vint Cerf � 1984 – On January 1, the Internet with its 1000 hosts converts en masse to using TCP/IP for its messaging

Any computer or other machine connected to the Internet is allocated an identifying number the Internet Protocol address (IP address). An IP address consists of 4 numbers between 0 and 255, separated by a full stop. Example: 193.109.126.146. Routers, which are computers that manage the electronic traffic, make use of this number to find a path to that machine. In practice, it is very impractical to keep such addresses up to date. This led to the introduction of domain names. Domain names essentially do nothing more than provide a name that is easy to remember, which can be converted into an IP address that routers can use. The conversion information is stored in a hierarchy of "name servers" which are continuously connected to the Internet.

Introduction of Hyper Text Mark-up Language (HTML) Based on Generalized Mark-up Language (GML) developed by IBM in 1969. This allowed, text editing, formatting and information retrieval. Introduction of Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) transfers HTML and other types of file over a network.

� The inventor of HTML . Graduate of Oxford University, England, Tim is now with the Laboratory for Computer Science ( LCS)at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT). � He directs the W3 Consortium � In 1989 he invented the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing.

� In 1992, Andreesen and Eric Bina developed new browser (Mosaic). It was much more sophisticated graphically than other browsers of the time. � Especially important was the inclusion of the "image" tag which allowed to include images on web pages.

Jack Kilby Robert Noyce Brian Carpenter Esther Dyson Bob Metcalfe

Jon Postel Christian Huitema Vinton Cerf

JAVA JAVAscript ACTIVE X JAVA is a compiled executable language. Code can be sent over a network, and can be made to run on any machine or within any operating system that supports a java virtual machine. JavaScript is a programming language created by Netscape Communications. Small programs written in this language are embedded within an HTML page to enhance the functionality of the page. Active X is a set of technologies that enable software components to interact with one another in a networked environment regardless of the language in which the components were created.

� 1977: 111 hosts on Internet � 1981: 213 hosts � 1983: 562 hosts � 1984: 1,000 hosts � 1986: 5,000 hosts � 1987: 10,000 hosts � 1989: 100,000 hosts � 1992: 1,000,000 hosts � 2001: 150 – 175 million hosts � 2002: over 200 million hosts � By 2010, about 80% of the planet will be on the Internet

Over 115 Million Hosts (As of Jan. 2001) Over 407 Million Users (As of Nov. 2000) 218 of 246 Countries (As of Jan. 2000) > 31 Million Domain Names About 100 TB of Data Dr. Vint Cerf presents in Chicago at the Drake Hotel on March 2001 The event was a fund-raiser for the ITRC

April 2001: 31,000,000 Domain Names!!!

� To get a market of 50 Million People Participating: � Radio took 38 years � TV took 13 years � Once it was open to the General Public, The Internet made to the 50 million person audience mark in just 4 years!!!

� http://www.isc.org � http://www.nuasoft.com/website-marketing � http://www.caida.org � http://news.netcraft.com � http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline ** Some slides are from William F. Slater, Chicago Chapter of the Internet Society.