CNNs Applications M. Soleymani Sharif University of Technology Spring 2019 Most slides have been adopted from Fei Fei Li and colleagues lectures, cs231n, Stanford 2017.
AlexNet [Krizhevsky, Sutskever, Hinton, 2012] • ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Image classification
Other Computer Vision Tasks
Semantic Segmentation
Semantic Segmentation Idea: Sliding Window Problem: Very inefficient! Not reusing shared features between overlapping patches
Semantic Segmentation Idea: Fully Convolutional
Semantic Segmentation Idea: Fully Convolutional
Semantic Segmentation Idea: Fully Convolutional
In-Network upsampling: “Unpooling”
In-Network upsampling: “Max Unpooling”
Learnable Upsampling: Transpose Convolution
Learnable Upsampling: Transpose Convolution
Learnable Upsampling: Transpose Convolution Other names: Deconvolution (bad) Upconvolution Fractionally strided convolution Backward strided convolution
Transpose Convolution: 1D Example
Semantic Segmentation Idea: Fully Convolutional
Computer Vision Tasks
Classification + Localization Classification : C classes Input: Image CAT Output: Class label Evaluation metric: Accuracy Localization : Input: Image Output : Box in the image (x, y, w, h) (x, y, w, h) Evaluation metric: Intersection over Union Classification + Localization : Do both
Classification + Localization Often pretrained on ImageNet (Transfer learning)
Simple Recipe for Classification + Localization • Step 1 : Train (or download) a classification model (e.g., VGG) Convolution Fully-connected and Pooling layers Softmax loss Final conv Class feature map Image scores
Localization as Regression Input : image Neural Output : Net Box coordinates (4 numbers) Loss : L2 distance Correct output : box coordinates (4 numbers) Only one object, simpler than detection
Simple Recipe for Classification + Localization • Step 1 : Train (or download) a classification model (e.g., VGG) • Step 2 : Attach new fully-connected “regression head” to the network Fully-connected layers “Classification head” Convolution Class scores and Pooling Fully-connected layers “Regression head” Final conv Box feature map Image coordinate s
Simple Recipe for Classification + Localization • Step 1 : Train (or download) a classification model (e.g., VGG) • Step 2 : Attach new fully-connected “regression head” to the network • Step 3 : Train the regression head only with SGD and L2 loss Fully-connected layers “Classification head” Convolution and Pooling Class scores Fully-connected layers L2 loss Final conv Box feature map Image coordinates
Simple Recipe for Classification + Localization • Step 1 : Train (or download) a classification model (e.g., VGG) • Step 2 : Attach new fully-connected “regression head” to the network • Step 3 : Train the regression head only with SGD and L2 loss Fully-connected layers “Classification head” Convolution and Pooling Class scores Fully-connected layers L2 loss Final conv Box feature map Image coordinates
Simple Recipe for Classification + Localization • Step 1 : Train (or download) a classification model (e.g., VGG) • Step 2 : Attach new fully-connected “regression head” to the network • Step 3 : Train the regression head only with SGD and L2 loss Fully-connected layers Softmax loss Convolution and Pooling Class scores Fully-connected layers L2 loss Final conv Box feature map Image coordinates
Classification + Localization Often pretrained on ImageNet (Transfer learning)
Classification + Localization Fully-connected Classification head : layers C numbers (one per class) Softmax loss Convolution and Pooling Class scores Class agnostic: Fully-connected 4 numbers layers (one box) L2 loss Class specific: Final conv C x 4 numbers Box feature map Image (one box per class) coordinates
Aside: Human Pose Estimation
Aside: Human Pose Estimation
Where to attach the regression head? After last FC layer : After conv layers : DeepPose, R-CNN Overfeat, VGG Fully- Convolution connected and Pooling layers Softmax loss Final conv Class feature map Image scores
Object detection
Object Detection: Impact of Deep Learning
Object Detection as Regression? Each image needs a different number of outputs!
Object Detection as Classification: Sliding Window
Object Detection as Classification: Sliding Window
Object Detection as Classification: Sliding Window Problem: Need to apply CNN to huge number of locations and scales, very computationally expensive!
Region Proposals
R-CNN
R-CNN
R-CNN
R-CNN
R-CNN Training • Step 1 : Train (or download) a classification model for ImageNet (e.g. VGG) Convolution Fully-connected and Pooling layers Softmax loss Final conv Class scores feature map Image 1000 classes
R-CNN Training • Step 2 : Fine-tune model for detection Instead of 1000 ImageNet classes, want 20 object classes + background - Throw away final fully-connected layer, reinitialize from scratch - Keep training model using positive / negative regions from detection images - Re-initialize this layer: Convolution Fully-connected was 4096 x 1000, and Pooling layers now will be 4096 x 21 Softmax loss Final conv Class scores: feature map Image 21 classes
R-CNN Training Step 3 : Extract features - Extract region proposals for all images - For each region: warp to CNN input size, run forward through CNN, save pool5 features to disk - Have a big hard drive: features are ~200GB for PASCAL dataset! Convolution and Pooling pool5 features Image Region Crop + Warp Forward pass Save to disk Proposals
R-CNN Training • Step 4 : Train one binary SVM per class to classify region features Training image regions Cached region features Positive samples for cat Negative samples for cat SVM SVM
R-CNN Training • Step 5 (bbox regression): For each class, train a linear regression model to map from cached features to offsets to GT boxes to make up for “slightly wrong” proposals Training image regions Cached region features (.25, 0, 0, 0) (0, 0, -0.125, 0) Regression targets (0, 0, 0, 0) Proposal too Proposal too (dx, dy, dw, dh) Proposal is far to left wide Normalized good coordinates
R-CNN: Problems • Ad hoc training objectives – Fine-tune network with softmax classifier (log loss) – Train post-hoc linear SVMs (hinge loss) – Train post-hoc bounding-box regressions (least squares) • Training is slow (84h), takes a lot of disk space • Inference (detection) is slow – 47s / image with VGG16 [Simonyan & Zisserman. ICLR15] – Fixed by SPP-net [He et al. ECCV14]
Fast R-CNN
Fast R-CNN Share computation of convolutional layers between proposals for an image
Fast R-CNN: Region of Interest Pooling Convolution Fully-connected and Pooling layers Hi-res input Hi-res conv Problem : Fully-connected image: features: layers expect low-res 3 x 800 x 600 C x H x W conv features: C x h x w with region with region proposal proposal
Fast R-CNN: Region of Interest Pooling Project region proposal onto conv Convolution Fully-connected feature map and Pooling layers Hi-res input Hi-res conv Problem : Fully-connected image: features: layers expect low-res 3 x 800 x 600 C x H x W conv features: C x h x w with region with region proposal proposal
Fast R-CNN: Region of Interest Pooling Divide projected Convolution Fully-connected region into h x w and Pooling layers grid Hi-res input Hi-res conv Problem : Fully-connected image: features: layers expect low-res 3 x 800 x 600 C x H x W conv features: C x h x w with region with region proposal proposal
Fast R-CNN: Region of Interest Pooling Max-pool within each Convolution Fully-connected grid cell and Pooling layers Hi-res input RoI conv features: Hi-res conv Fully-connected layers image: C x h x w features: expect low-res conv 3 x 800 x 600 for region C x H x W features: with region proposal with region C x h x w proposal proposal
Fast R-CNN: Region of Interest Pooling Can back propagate similar Convolution Fully-connected to max pooling and Pooling layers Hi-res input RoI conv features: Hi-res conv Fully-connected layers image: C x h x w features: expect low-res conv 3 x 800 x 600 for region C x H x W features: with region proposal with region C x h x w proposal proposal
Fast R-CNN: RoI Pooling
Fast R-CNN Share computation of convolutional layers between proposals for an image
R-CNN vs SPP vs Fast R-CNN Problem: Runtime dominated by region proposals!
Faster R-CNN • Make CNN do proposals! – Solely based on CNN – No external modules • Each step is end-to-end Shaoqing Ren, Kaiming He, Ross Girshick, & Jian Sun. “Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks”. NIPS 2015
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