Aerospace & Defense Forum Orange County Chapter Fuel Cells in Aviation: Next Generation, Environmentally-Friendly Power Generation Matt McConnell Engineering Manager Parker Aerospace Central Engineering 5 April 2018
Fuel Cells in Aviation: Next Generation, Environmentally-Friendly Power Generation Agenda • Parker Aerospace Overview • What is a Fuel Cell? • Parker Fuel Cell Development Program • More Electric Aircraft Overview • All Electric Aircraft Concepts • The Future of Fuel Cells in Aviation • Questions… 2
Parker Hannifin Corporation A worldwide, diversified manufacturer of motion and control technologies and systems • Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio • 137 divisions worldwide • 48 Countries • 57,000 employees • $12.0 B Sales (FY17) 3
Parker Aerospace Global leader in flight control, hydraulic, fuel and inerting, fluid conveyance, thermal management, and engine systems and components • $2.3 billion in annual sales • 5,500 employees • Seven divisions, 38 worldwide locations Updated 2017 4
Aerospace Systems Portfolio Five Major Platform Solutions Flight Controls Engine Flight control Fuel spray nozzles Trim actuation Thrust reverser actuators Manifolds & pigtails Cockpit controls Engine build unit Primary/secondary flight control actuators Heat management Servovalves Oil pumps Control electronics & software Surface-position sensors Oil reservoirs High-lift actuation Pneumatics Fluid Conveyance Flight control Hydraulics Fuel & Inerting Ground service equipment Gauging management Reservoirs Accumulators Pumps Filters Valves Valves Control electronics Heat exchangers & software Pumps Inerting Control electronics & software 5
Aerospace Fuel Cell Development HSD AWB GTFSD SPD CSO FSD CSD 6
What is a Fuel Cell? A fuel cell: • Converts chemical energy into electricity • Has an anode, cathode and an electrolyte • Requires a continuous source of reactants • Produces DC electrical power • Produces usable by-products: water, heat, oxygen depleted air (ODA) • Parker is focused on Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells 7
PEM Stack Characteristics: • Cathode Oxidant: air or O 2 gas • Anode Fuel: hydrogen gas • Operating temperature range 60 to 85 ° C • Practical efficiency of 40 to 60% • Fast start up time ~10 to 30 seconds typical • By-products are uniquely applicable to aircraft Typical Applications : • Automotive Power • Stationary Backup Power • Mobility Power - Aviation, Defense & Space 8
Aviation Industry Alternative Energy Drivers • Aviation OEMs and Regulators See Opportunities Energy Efficiency, Reduced Carbon Emissions Technical Risks and Challenges Need to be Addressed CEO of Airbus 9
Aviation Industry Alternative Energy Drivers 10
Parker Aerospace Fuel Cell Systems Development Aerospace Fuel Cell Features Efficient, scalable energy conversion • Alternate, independent energy • source for emergency power Eliminates harmful emissions • Reduces aircraft noise on ground • Intermittent or continuous duty • Usable reaction products • Technical Challenges / Risks Hydrogen storage, handling & • Multi-Function Fuel Cell System Potential Applications infrastructure • AC, DC & HVDC Electrical Power Low temperature operation • • Hydraulic Power (Electric Pump) • Fuel Tank Inerting – Dry ODA Operation at altitude (using bleed air) • • Cargo Bay Inerting – Humid ODA • Potable Water Generation Long term dormancy (emergency • • Galley/Lav Power power) • Electric Ice Protection • Electric ECS (E-ECS) Certification of Fuel Cell systems • • Electric Taxi (E-Taxi) 11
Parker Fuel Cell Development Legacy • Parker has been actively engaged in Aerospace fuel cell system development since 2008 • Fundamental Fuel Cell Operation • Multiple Stack Suppliers • Focused on PEM Fuel Cells • Lab System Integration • Controls System Development • Aircraft Applications R & D Parker TRL 4 Test Stand 2008 • Emergency Power Systems • RAT Replacement & Cargo Bay Fire Suppression • Multiple-Systems / Functions • APU Replacement, Use of Reaction By-Products 12
Parker Fuel Cell Development • Parker has engaged across industry to advance fuel cell technologies Airframe Manufacturers Regulatory/Governing Bodies: FAA/EASA & SAE Technology Agencies: NASA, DLR, NERL Universities in US & Germany Key Suppliers o Fuel Cell Systems and Stacks o Hydrogen Storage and Delivery o Balance of Plant Components 13
Parker Fuel Cell Development Parker Experience – Fuel Cell R&D Programs Architect and Integrator for Aircraft Fuel Cell Systems • Designed prototype system for narrow body APU replacement • Designed and built demonstrator for Emergency Power System • Replaces Aircraft Ram Air Turbine and Cargo Fire Suppression System • Demonstrated key performance objectives at customer • Worked directly with FAA on multiple test projects • Parker Fuel Cell Lab Fuel Cell Lab Test Demonstrator Fuel Cell Lab Test Rig 14
FAA Fuel Cell Testing Federal Aviation Administration • Failure Modes Tests • FAA, Parker & Support • Loss of coolant & short circuit • Forced failures had good results • Detectable & Gradual FAA Failure Modes Test • Self-extinguishing at reactant shutoff • Fire Suppression Tests • FAA, Parker & Support • Fuel Cell System generated ODA (<11% O 2 ) • Validated ODA distribution & quality FAA Fire Suppression Test 15
The Path to Aviation Fuel Cell Systems 16
More Electric Aircraft Overview • Example: Boeing 787 • Elimination of Engine Bleed Air • Electrification of Traditional Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems • Electrical Power increased more than 2X 17
Hybrid Electric Aircraft Overview • Utilize Turbine Engine to Generate Electrical Power for E-Fans • Increases Range, Reduces Battery Size • Airbus E-FanX Demonstrator E-FanX Demonstrator Hybrid Airliner Concept 18
All-Electric Aircraft Concepts Legacy and New Aircraft Developers Drive Toward All- Electric Aircraft • Electric Aircraft Applications Include: • Advanced Rotorcraft Advanced Rotorcraft • Urban Aerial Mobility (Air Taxi) • UAVs – Civil and Defense • General Aviation • Challenges for Battery Electric Aircraft Urban Aerial Mobility • Battery Weight and Capacity (Range) • Charging Time • Battery Disposal General Aviation Civil UAV – Fuel Cell 19
Future Role of Fuel Cells in Aircraft Drawbacks of Battery Electric Aircraft • Insufficient range and energy storage, even with significant improvements in battery technology; heavy and slow to recharge DLR Fuel Cell Aircraft Fuel Cell Power Generation • Energy storage limited only by amount of hydrogen stored • Hydrogen can be refilled quickly Fuel Cell UAV Concept • Options include high pressure gaseous or cryogenic liquid hydrogen • Fuel Cells are a leading technology for Electric Aircraft as well as Primary Systems Fuel Cell Civil Aircraft on more electric and hybrid jet aircraft 20
Questions? 21
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