ACR 3413 BASIC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 3 Lecture 1 Univers rsit - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ACR 3413 BASIC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 3 Lecture 1 Univers rsit ity y Putra a Malaysia ysia

- Communication - Talk to Architect, M&E Engineer and Other Consultants of their Requirements Item Verti tical Load {V} Horizon zonta tal Load {H} Conceptual Design TODAY’S LECTURE X Loading X X Scheme Design X X Analysis X X Design X X - Quality Control (QA) (V & H) - Do It All Again and Again 2

- Communication - Talk to Architect, M&E Engineer and Other Consultants of their Requirements - Conceptual Design (V & H) - Loading Estimation (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheet, Commercial Software) - Scheme Design (V & H) (Hand, Data Tables from Books) - Analysis (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheets, Commercial Software) - Design (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheets, Commercial Software) - Quality Control (QA) (V & H) - Do It All Again and Again 3

Purpose of Structural Engineering  Purpose of Structural Engineering Course Content  Conceptual Design, Loading, Scheme Design, Analysis and Design Definitions  Slab, Beam, Column / Wall, Foundations  Conceptual Design Mechanism, Determinate and Indeterminate Structures Lessons from History  Structural Failures Page | 4

- To ensure that the building / structure has sufficient strength th to stand up safely - To ensure that the building / structure has sufficient stability ty to stand up safely - To ensure that the building is servi vicea eable - To ensure that the building structure is economic omical 5

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Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical loads. Quite often they are classified according to the way they are supported. Simply Supported Beam Cantilever Beam Continuous Beam 7

Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads are referred to as columns. Column Holding horizontal members such as Beams 8

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 Mecha chanis nism: Unstable structure, a s < 0.  Sta Statically tically Deter etermina nate te: = 0. The equilibrium a s equations provide both the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium. When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from these equations.  Sta Staticall tically Indet ndeter ermina nate te : a s > 0. Structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations aka Redundant. 24

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Statica cally lly Indet deter ermina inate e Struct ctures ures - Continuous Beam - Sub-Frame 28

Statica cally lly Deter ermina inate e Struc uctures ures - Simply Supported - Cantilever - 3 Pinned Arch 29

Mecha hanism nisms - Simply Supported + 1 Internal Hinge - Cantilever + 1 Internal Hinge - 2 Pinned Portal Frame + 2 Internal Hinges - Space Truss + 1 Internal Hinge 30

Lesso sons ns From History ry - Simply Supported + 1 Internal Hinge - Cantilever + 1 Internal Hinge (Menara Unmo Penang) - 2 Pinned Portal Frame + 2 Internal Hinges - Space Truss + 1 Internal Hinge - Other Reasons for Structural Failure (Incorrect Loading, Foundation Failures, EQ Loads Too High, Metal Fatigue, Dynamic Resonance, Gas Blast, Bomb Blast, Aircraft Impact Etc) 31

Lesso sons ns From History ry 1980 Hyatt Regenc ncy 32

Lessons sons From History ry 1980 Kempe per r Arena na 33

Lesso sons ns From History ry 1978 Hartfo ford rd Centre re Roof 34

Lesso sons ns From History ry 2006 Bad Reichenhall chenhall, Germany any 35

Lesso sons ns From History ry 2015 Canton 36

Lesso sons ns From History ry • Provide redundancy (statical indeterminacy) i.e. it has alternate load path • Avoid disproportionate collapse • Ensure safe method of failure 37

Other Types of Structures - Truss:  Trusses consist of slender elements, usually arranged in triangular fashion.  Loading causes bending of truss, which develops compression in top members, tension in bottom members. 38

Other Types of Structures - Cable and Arch: Cables are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.  They are commonly used to support bridges. The arch achieves its strength in compression, since it has a  reverse curvature to that of the cable. 39

Definitions Scheme Design 1. Slab – Horizontal flat member supporting loads 1. RC Two-Way Slab With RC Beams 2. Beam - Horizontal member supporting slabs 2. RC One-Way Slab With RC Beams 3. Column / Wall – Vertical member supporting 3. RC Flat Slab beams and/or slabs 4. PT Flat Slab 4. Foundations – Vertical member supporting 5. ST Composite Slab With ST Beams columns Analys ysis Conc nceptua ual Design 1. ULS and SLS loading combinations 1. Discretization of Physical Model - Mechanism / 2. Structural analysis - mathematics Determinate / Indeterminate Structures 3. Force – internal distribution of effects bending moment (kNm) • Loading ng axial (kN) • shear (kN) • 1. Load – externally applied load torsion (kNm) • mass - kg / tonnes • 4. Deflections – externally displacements load – kN • pressure - kPa • Design 2. Dead load - externally applied v. DL (self- weight) 1. ULS Capacity 3. Superimposed dead load - externally applied v. - Stress SDL normal (direct) stress • 4. Live load - externally applied v. LL shear stress • 5. NHL load - externally applied h. NHL 2. SLS Capacity 6. Wind load - externally applied h. WL 7. EQ load - externally applied h. EQ 40