ACR 3413 BASIC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 3 Lecture 2 Univers rsit ity y Putra a Malaysia ysia
- Communication - Talk to Architect, M&E Engineer and Other Consultants of their Requirements Item Verti tical Load {V} Horizon zonta tal Load {H} Conceptual Design X Loading TODAY’S LECTURE X Scheme Design X X Analysis X X Design X X - Quality Control (QA) (V & H) - Do It All Again and Again 2
- Communication - Talk to Architect, M&E Engineer and Other Consultants of their Requirements - Conceptual Design (V & H) - Loading Estimation (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheet, Commercial Software) - Scheme Design (V & H) (Hand, Data Tables from Books) - Analysis (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheets, Commercial Software) - Design (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheets, Commercial Software) - Quality Control (QA) (V & H) - Do It All Again and Again 3
Types of Loading DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ Nature of Loading Mass, Pressure, UDL and Point Load Dead Load, Superimposed Dead Load and Live Load Definition, Code Value Load Path Concepts of Load Paths Load Calculation Examples Page | 4
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Types of Loading Live Load ad Dead Load Self Weigh ght t / Dead d Supe perimpo pose sed d Dead d Live Load ad (Human an, Load ad (Member Load ad (Soi oil, , Water, Furnitu ture, , Etc.), LL Weight) t), , DL Ceiling, , Etc.), , SDL 6
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Live Load, LL Superimposed Dead Load, SDL Self Weight / Dead Load, DL 9
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1) Mass (kg) (3-D) 1) D) 3) Unifor orml mly y Distr tribu bute ted Load (UDL) (kN kN/m) m) (1-D) D) The mass of an object is a measure UDL is a load that is evenly spread how heavy the object is. It is along a length such as brick wall on measured in units of grams (g) or slab. It is measured in units of kilograms (kg). (kN/m). 2) Pressure (kN kN/m /m 2 ) (2-D) D) 4) Point t Load (kN kN) (0-D) D) Pressure is the force applied A point load is a load applied to a perpendicular to the surface of an single, specific point on a structural object per unit area (kN/m 2 ) over member. It is measured in units of which that force is distributed. (kN). 12
1) Mass (kg) (3-D) 1) D) 3) Unifor orml mly y Distr tribu bute ted Load (UDL) (kN kN/m) m) (1-D) D) Made e up of the e followi owing g types es of loading DL DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ Made up of the followi owing g types of loading DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ 2) Pressure (kN kN/m /m 2 ) (2-D) D) 4) Point t Load (kN kN) (0-D) D) Made up of the followi owing g types of Made up of the followi owing g types of loading DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ loading DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ 13
Flow Path Pressure 2-D (kN/m 2 ) Point Load 0-D (kN) Mass 3-D (tonnes / UDL 1-D kN / kg) (kN/m) 14
Mercedes One car = 2500 kg = 2.5 tonnes = 25kN Proton Saga One car = 1000 kg = 1.0 tonnes = 10kN Normal Person Average one person mass = 80 kg = 0.8kN Heavy Person Average one person mass = 100 kg [LL] = 1.0kN 15
Burj Khalifa 171 Storeys (659m High) Tower = 946,000 tonnes = 946,000 Proton Saga’s = 9,460,000 kN = 9,460,000 Heavy Persons Area = 280,000 m 2 [SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL] CTBUH, Tall and Super Tall Buildings 16
Sears Tower 113 Storeys (454.8m High) Tower = 380,000 tonnes = 380,000 Proton Saga’s = 3,800,000 kN = 3,800,000 Heavy Persons Area = 408,922 m 2 [SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL] CTBUH, Tall and Super Tall Buildings 17
Taipei 101 94 Storeys (405.8m High) Tower = 365,000 tonnes = 365,000 Proton Saga’s = 3,650,000 kN = 3,650,000 Heavy Persons Area = 187,110 m 2 [SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL] http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=18 18
Petronas Twin Tower 93 Storeys (403.8m High) One tower = 330,000 tonnes = 330,000 Proton Saga’s = 3,300,000 kN = 3,300,000 Heavy Persons Area = 213,750 m 2 [SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL] CTBUH, Tall and Super Tall Buildings 19
Skyview Penang 43 Storeys (147.3m High) Block A = 114,000 tonnes = 114,000 Proton Saga’s = 1,140,000 kN = 1,140,000 Heavy Persons Area = 66,365 m 2 [SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL] 20
Ampang Condo 18 Storeys (63.4m High) Block B = 69,000 tonnes = 69,000 Proton Saga’s = 690,000 kN = 690,000 Heavy Persons Area = 51,621 m 2 [SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL] 21
Ipoh Hospital New Block 10 Storeys (46.1m High) Hospital = 183,000 tonnes = 183,000 Proton Saga’s = 1,830,000 kN = 1,830,000 Heavy Persons Area = 103,717 m 2 [SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL] 22
Average Car Pressure (LL) = 2.5 kN/m 2 Eg. 2000kg / (2.0m x 4.8m) = 210kg/m 2 250kg/m 2 = 2.5kN/m 2 . [LL] 23
Humans in Congregation (LL)= 5.0 kN/m 2 This means 5 Heavy Persons in 1 m 2 ! [LL] 24
Building Functi tion on Load (kPa) Classrooms, lecture rooms, tutorial 3.0 rooms, computer rooms Domestic uses & residential 2.0 activities Wards, bedrooms and toilet rooms in hospitals, nursing homes and 2.0 residential care homes. Kitchens 2.0 Floors for offices 3.0 Conference rooms 5.0 Stair Case 4.0 Department stores, supermarkets, 5.0 markets, shops for display and sale [LL] of merchandise. Cold storage 5.0 for each meter height 25
[LL] 26
[LL] 27
[LL] 28
[LL] 29
[LL] 30
[SDL] 31
[SDL] 32
[SDL] 33
[DL] 34
Worksh kshop What is the Pressure From a 1m x 1m x 0.2m Solid Concrete Slab ? [DL] 35
[DL+SDL] 36
[DL+SDL] 37
These figures do not include vertical elements but is the DL+SDL for the floor !!! [DL+SDL] 38
Burj Khalifa 171 Storeys (659m High) Concrete Building Load = 9,460,000 kN Area = 280,000 m 2 Pressure = 33.8 kN/m 2 Sears Tower 113 Storeys (454.8m High) Steel Building Load = 3,800,000 kN Area = 408,922 m 2 Pressure = 9.3 kN/m 2 Taipei 101 94 Storeys (405.8m High) Load = 3,650,000 kN Area = 187,110 m 2 Pressure = 19.5 kN/m 2 Petronas Twin Tower 93 Storeys (403.8m High) Load = 3,300,000 kN Area = 213,750 m 2 These figures Pressure = 15.5 kN/m 2 now include Skyview Penang 43 Storeys (147.3m High) Load = 1,140,000 kN vertical Area = 66,365 m 2 Pressure = 17.2 kN/m 2 elements as Ampang Condo 18 Storeys (63.4m High) well in Load = 690,000 kN Area = 51,621 m 2 DL+SDL+LL !!! Pressure = 13.3 kN/m 2 Ipoh Hospital New Block 10 Storeys (46.1m High) Load = 1,830,000 kN [SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL] Area = 103,717 m 2 Pressure = 17.7 kN/m 2 Note All Figures Are Indicative and Not Exact and Should Not Be Relied Upon for Detailed Structural Analysis. 39
On Plan Loading on Beam kN/m. On Eleva vati tion on Brick Wall Load on Slab = kN/m Depends on Wall Thickness and Height. 40
Uniform Load Concentrated Load 41
Worksh kshop How to Obtain UDL on Beam from On Plan Loading and from On Elevation Loading ? On Plan Loading – DL, SDL, LL On Elevation Loading - SDL [DL+SDL+LL+NHL+WL+EQ] 42
Worksh kshop Meth thod od 1 How to Obtain Point Load on Column from On Plan Loading and from On Elevation Loading ? On Plan Loading – DL, SDL, LL On Elevation Loading – SDL Meth thod od 2 How to Obtain Point Load on Column From Beam UDL ? [DL+SDL+LL+NHL+WL+EQ] 43
Load start on big area, and end up on small area. Slab (kN/m 2 ) Beam (kN/m) Column (kN) Foundation (kN) 44
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One Way Slab Two Way Slab 47
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One Way Slab: 90% of load transfer to short direct. Two Way Slab: Load transfer in all direction equally. 49
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Find Load on Beam ? 5 x 3/2 = 7.5 kN/m Find Load on Column ? 7.5kN/m x 7/2 = 26.25 kN 7 m 26.25 kN 51
Definitions Scheme Design 1. Slab – Horizontal flat member supporting loads 1. RC Two-Way Slab With RC Beams 2. Beam - Horizontal member supporting slabs 2. RC One-Way Slab With RC Beams 3. Column / Wall – Vertical member supporting 3. RC Flat Slab beams and/or slabs 4. PT Flat Slab 4. Foundations – Vertical member supporting 5. ST Composite Slab With ST Beams columns Analys ysis Conc nceptua ual Design 1. ULS and SLS loading combinations 1. Discretization of Physical Model - Mechanism / 2. Structural analysis - mathematics Determinate / Indeterminate Structures 3. Force – internal distribution of effects bending moment (kNm) • Loading ng axial (kN) • shear (kN) • 1. Load – externally applied load torsion (kNm) • mass - kg / tonnes • 4. Deflections – externally displacements load – kN • pressure - kPa • Design 2. Dead load - externally applied v. DL (self- weight) 1. ULS Capacity 3. Superimposed dead load - externally applied v. - Stress SDL normal (direct) stress • 4. Live load - externally applied v. LL shear stress • 5. NHL load - externally applied h. NHL 2. SLS Capacity 6. Wind load - externally applied h. WL 7. EQ load - externally applied h. EQ 52
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