ACME Awards Outline Relevance of the interface between humans, - PDF document

7/8/2019 ACME: American Committee of Medical Vector Borne Diseases: The Ecologic Interface Entomology of Global Health, One Health, and Travelers' • ACME is organized under the auspices of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) and exists to work toward Health the following objectives: – To promote medical entomology Gonzalo Vazquez-Prokopec , MSc;PhD – To organize symposia or workshops annually that emphasize the contributions of medical entomology to tropical medicine Associate Professor Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; – To encourage participation of medical entomologists in the ASTMH gmvazqu@emory.edu www.prokopeclab.org CISTM16 – To recognize outstanding contributions by medical entomologists 5 ‐ 9 June 2019 Washington, DC. 1 2 ACME Awards Outline Relevance of the interface between humans, pathogens and environment Hoogstraal Award The Harry Hoogstraal Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Medical Entomology. Nominations for the Harry Hoogstraal Medal for outstanding Achievement in Medical Entomology may be submitted online during the Call for Nominations. Vector-borne diseases: a ‘complex’ transmission system ACME Breakthroughs in Medical Entomology Award ACME seeks to award funding of $1,000 to outstanding recent contributions (within the past 5 years) to the study and/or practice of Medical Entomology that ultimately will contribute to reducing the burden of human diseases transmitted by arthropods. Social/environmental drivers: two case studies ACME Future Leaders Fellowship in International Medical Entomology -Anthropogenic change and West Nile virus transmission The Future Leaders fellowship is a competitive award that will be offered to an outstanding junior medical entomology researcher (must be at the undergraduate to post-doctoral level) to showcase individuals that have matched interests to ACME's objectives of -Human movement and dengue transmission promoting medical entomology and reducing the burden of human diseases transmitted by arthropods globally. ACME Travel Awards for Young Investigators Conclusions ACME now offers three Young Investigator Travel Awards: Masters, Doctoral and Post-doctoral and International. All research must involve arthropods of medical importance. Recipients will receive a complimentary registration to the Annual Meeting and up to $900 to support travel and accommodation costs. Award application and nomination instructions can be found on the ACME website: https://www.astmh.org/subgroups/acme 3 4 “Global ecological change is a Humanity’s health and future normal process in the global prosperity depend on geological and biotic blurring boundaries: evolution of the Earth. Local - global World Population (billions) What makes it a concern Human - animal today is the unprecedented Environmental degradation – speed and scale of declines in health/development ecological functioning that are Urban - rural issues attributable to human activity ……. over the past century, and Planetary Health especially over the last 50 Global Health years”. Global Change and Public Health report, 2015 One health Science 347 (6223): 1259855. 2015 Eco-Health Travelers health https://healthforanimals.org/general/one ‐ health.html Data: United Nations population Division 5 6 1

7/8/2019 Emerging Infectious Diseases: more common and lethal EID: original case or cluster of cases of an infectious disease occurring for the first time. Jones et al. 2008. Nature. Increasing number, and of animal origin. Relevance of the human ‐ wildlife interface Credit: WHO 7 8 9 10 Zika is not an exception…… Vector borne diseases Caused by pathogens transmitted though the bite of another organism, such as fleas, ticks or mosquitoes Requisites for VBD transmission • Vector presence and survival • Presence of suitable hosts • Pathogen introduction/amplification Travelers as drivers of • Opportunities for human exposure introductions Image: Reisen, 2010. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 11 12 2

7/8/2019 Human ‐ mosquito What happens when we oversimplify? Warmer = buggier Dengue Zoonotic Do we know enough about climate Lyme (or even weather) per se and VBZD? Smith et al. 2014. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 108(4):185 ‐ 97 13 14 Multiple sources of Climate, weather and VBD: a complex association uncertainty: Vector survival Temperature -scale of change is variable Presence of Rainfall -Multi-factorial process: reservoir hosts coupled heterogeneities Humidity -human influence can impact Pathogen predictions with higher effect- transmission size ? Variability -Complex vector ecology and Opportunities for behavior human exposure Extreme Events Dengue virus Forecast Infection of Disease of Summer 2019 reservoir human hosts hosts 15 16 Golding et al. BMC Med. 2015 13:249. Source: WHO 17 18 3

7/8/2019 Understanding Exposure: Examples Multiple scales of • Environmental change: urban infrastructure and movement lead to West Nile Virus transmission. different aspects of VBD transmission …. • Human behavior and response to disease: human But understanding exposure is essential movement and dengue transmission. to knowing how VBDs emerge and are maintained. 19 20 Environmental change and VBD transmission: urban Combined Sewer Systems and Mosquitoes infrastructure and West Nile Virus transmission. Collaborators Gonzalo Vazquez-Prokopec, Luis Chaves, Uriel Kitron - Emory Thomas Burkot – CDC Danny Mead – UGA Rosmarie Kelly – GA-DPH 21 22 Combined Sewer Overflow Systems Designed to carry both sewage and storm water. When flow exceeds the maximum capacity of the sewer systems, it overflows directly into bodies of water with minor treatment. Cx. quinquefasciatus WNV infection in WNV infection in WNV infection in abundance Cx. quinquefasciatus dead corvids humans 772 US Cities Atlanta: 7 CSO facilities located in close proximity to residential, WNV infection in mosquitoes, birds and humans clustered in commercial and recreational sites. close proximity to CSO streams. 23 24 4

7/8/2019 Risk factors of WNV infection New CSO and wastewater management: 2009 ‐ present • New tunnels to divert water to treatment facilities 0.81 • Large reservoirs for temporary water Mosquitoes: Distance to CSO, followed by Tree cover range storage • Goals: – Separate CSO from runoff waters 0.97 0.92 – Delay CSO events. 0.91 Impacts on Cx. quinquefasciatus population dynamics? 25 26 Urban infrastructure and WNV • CSO: – Reduces stream diversity (less predators) – Increases bacterial counts – Increases Culex sp . mosquito abundance. – Abundant bird populations in riparian forests. • Perfect for WNV amplification & spillover. Where is WNV now amplifying? • Solutions to environmental and public health problems are achievable! 27 28 Dengue ‐ Preferentially (>90%) a human biter. Most important mosquito ‐ borne viral disease in the world ‐ Hungry for our blood (~1.5 days). ‐ “Lazy” flier: ~30 ‐ 100m. ‐ Daytime biter. http://www.scientificanimations.com/ 4 serotypes Severe dengue, result of Bhatt et al. 2013. Nature ADE and virus strain. No Annually: efficacious 390 million (95% credible interval vaccine 284–528) infections per year, 96 million (67–136) as apparent disease. Photo credit: Michael Thomas Source: WHO 29 30 5

7/8/2019 Considering human behavior when Challenges in the estimation movement and estimating dengue transmission risk Iquitos, Peru exposure Revisiting the Common Assumption: • Traditional methods: direct observations, diaries and interviews Infection occurs in the home • Issues of recall, reliability, reproducibility, compliance, behavioral change, and privacy • Alternative: use of GPS technology If other locations are important, then: –Used in the past Human movement needs to be considered when –Costly and technology challenging determining exposure and probability of key encounters 31 32 What data do we obtain from GPS? Human movement influences dengue exposure 61 participants • Latitude, longitude, date, time, elevation Sampled Activity Spaces: Participant A - DENV-positive Participant B - DENV-negative DENV + DENV ‐ Attack rates (# infected / total tested) IC significantly higher in networks of infected individuals. AS: unit of DENV transmission Vazquez ‐ Prokopec et al. 2009, 2011 33 34 But transmission may be driven by asymptomatics Conclusions/Discussion points Stochastic simulation model that couples: In a continually shrinking world, VBDs are interdependent on Within-host sub-model to simulate human infectiousness to environmental, biological and human components. Need for deeper DENV infection with any of the 4 serotypes. Disease severity with different contributors (asymptomatic, inapparent understanding of the ecological processes underlying VBD transmission. symptomatic, symptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections). Human movement. Climate change may enhance (or disrupt) transmission of VBDs, 88% of contribution to But Other (mostly anthropogenic) factors impact transmission & disease (in transmission from synergy or antagonistically), rendering the "warmer=buggier" approach asymptomatic carriers (pre ‐ highly simplistic. symptoms or no symptoms). Global agenda for VBD mitigation will require working at the interface of Implication for control and global health, one health and eco-health. virus introduction 35 36 6