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Die iesel fumes are they the next xt asbestos? What can we do about it it? A Sequel to a paper authored by Emeritus Professor Ifan Odwyn Jones AO Clinical Professor Bill Musk Associate Professor Alison Reid Chris Davis 13 August

  1. Die iesel fumes – are they the next xt “asbestos”? What can we do about it it? A Sequel to a paper authored by Emeritus Professor Ifan Odwyn Jones AO Clinical Professor Bill Musk Associate Professor Alison Reid Chris Davis 13 August 2019 1

  2. Australia v Rest of f the World • http://www.nanoparticles.ch/2018_ETH-NPC-22.html generalist, 2019 was 23 rd conference • http://www.mdec.ca/ Mining diesel, 2019 is 25th conference 13 August 2019 2

  3. Particle sizes Diameter Times bigger than 50 nm diesel particle Ore grind in processing mills 65 – 135 micron 1300 - 2700 Human hair 100 micron 2000 Merino wool 16 micron 320 Talcum power 10 micron 200 Red blood cell 8 micron 160 Bacteria 2 micron 40 Wood smoke 400-700 nano metres 8 - 14 Hepa filter Removes 99.97% @ 300 nano 6 metres Carbon nano particle UG 50 – 70 nano metres 1 Surface 15 – 25 nano metres 1/3 13 August 2019 3

  4. There is is a solu lution! This talk will be in 2 sections 1. The Problem 2. The Solution 13 August 2019 4

  5. Recognition of f diesel engine fu fumes as carcinogenic • USA National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) 20 -year Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (2012) • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) re-categorised diesel exhaust as “Carcinogenic to Humans – Group 1”, (2012) 13 August 2019 5

  6. Nanoparticle number concentrations Steady-state regimes . Tartakovsky et al. / Atmospheric Environment 107 (2015) 273e280 13 August 2019 6

  7. Complexity of the issue • Proximity of mineworker to the source • Level, duration and variability of exposure • The type, condition, age, duty cycle and number of the diesel engines • The effectiveness of a mine ventilation system in diluting the pollutants both locally and throughout the ventilation circuit • Control measures in place, including tail-pipe after treatment devices and their effectiveness • The temperature and humidity of the ambient air flow 13 August 2019 7

  8. Composition of f Diesel Engine Exhaust Fumes Include, (this is not an exhaustive list) • Carbon monoxide • Oxides of nitrogen NOX • Sulphur dioxide SOX • Volatile organic compounds including benzene and toluene VOC • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAH And last but not least • Unburnt carbon particulates , both + micron, and • Nano DPM 13 August 2019 8

  9. Particles are coated by PAH and decorated by metal oxides The Trojan Horse Effect 13 August 2019 9

  10. Diesel engine exhaust fu fumes How do they get around? • They move with the ventilation flow • They may condense among themselves or on the surface of large carbon particles and settle out • Or they may hitch a ride on nDPM 13 August 2019 10

  11. There are a lot of f them! 13 August 2019 11

  12. Real Current measurements Av number of Av Monitor Air Flow particles per Av LDSA Av Mass Activity Machine - Engine kW Diameter DPF Location (m3/s) cubic (um2/m3 (ug/m3) (nm) centimetre Bogger In Drive 14 R1700 - 242kW 109,000 74 405 342 Mammoth Bogger In Cabin 14 R1700 - 242kW 67,000 71 185 63 Mammoth Bogger In Drive 20.5 LH410 - 220kW 885,000 59 2337 589 Mammoth Shotcrete In Drive 28 Normet - 74.9kW 149,000 60 421 119 Mammoth Bogger In Cabin 13 LH621 - 345kW 50,000 50 134 30 No DPF - Tier 4i Bogger In Drive 13 LH621 - 345kW 170,000 61 513 172 No DPF - Tier 4i Bogger In Cabin 36 R2900 - 333kW 79,000 73 290 152 Cat - Original Jacon Combo 6000 - 207kW + Agi Shotcrete In Drive 13 1,191,000 66 3011 1,271 Mammoth Combo 6000 - 205kW 13 August 2019 12

  13. Impact on the respiratory system • + micron sizes deposit in the trachea-bronchial tract and are cleared within minutes / hours / days of inhalation by coughing, sneezing, swallowing and/or spitting • But the – 500 nm particles can take weeks or months to clear • This long retention allows • interactions with the alveolar cellular lining, which is not evolved for this exposure • transport across the pleural membrane into the blood stream and onward 13 August 2019 13

  14. Outcomes There have been a host of recent papers on the consequences of long term exposure to diesel exhaust fumes. A sample of these are • Peters et al (2016) Lung cancer • Latifofic et al (2015) Bladder cancer • Duan et al (2016) DNA damage 13 August 2019 14

  15. Ultrafine particle dangers (University of Edinburgh) • More health effects coming to light: • AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH WORKSHOP: Fate and transport of ultrafine particles • Dr Nicholas Mills, University of Edinburgh 13 August 2019 15

  16. Ultrafine particle dangers 13 August 2019 16

  17. Particle Size Penetrating Membranes + 1000 nm 78 nm Polystyrene Particles Polystyrene Particles Solid particles smaller than 500 nmØ reach the alveoli. About 5% of them translocate readily into the blood stream. They may infiltrate the bladder, the liver, the brain – all of our organs. Small particles around 100 nmØ , the typical size of Diesel UFP, may enter the cell causing damage to the DNA of the genes. This demonstrates, why size matters and not mass, and why particles have to be monitored Laser Scanning Microscopy 13 August 2019 17 B. Rothen-Rutishauser, University Berne by number

  18. 13 August 2019 18

  19. Exposure metrics • Many jurisdictions rely on one metric, elemental carbon (EC) The EC metric is obsolete and should not be used • It has become clear than, because the complexity of the UG atmosphere, something else is needed • Just measuring the number and size distribution of nDPM cannot be considered an effective metric as it has no regard to the gases adhering to the particles • However, by lowering the nDPM number, the availability of adhering gases to penetrate tissue will be radically reduced 13 August 2019 19

  20. Has any one died of f nDPM? • After a long fought court battle in Canada (2005 – 2013), Claude Fortin (who died of lung cancer in 2009) was granted compensation for his injury working at an IAMGOLD mine • NO ONE IS TRACKING NDPM DEATHS OR LONG TERM HEALTH OUTCOMES 13 August 2019 20

  21. Ext xtracts fr from the curr rrent WA Guid ideline Management of f d diesel emissions in in W Western Australian min ining operations • “Safety over the past few years indicate that it is reasonably practicable for underground mines to achieve compliance with the AIOH recommendation of 0.1 mg/m3 for DPM. However, some sites have not effectively controlled emissions to maintain employee DPM exposure levels below 0.1 mg/m3” • “The Department of Mines and Petroleum is aware that technological advances, particularly in regard to monitoring nanoparticles in diesel emissions, and emerging epidemiological studies may lead to calls for an exposure standard, and mining operators should consider this when developing their long-term management strategies .” • Read section 3 of the guideline. It’s all there 13 August 2019 21

  22. A mine wide study A study was done at an UG mine in Western Australia in 4/4 2017. It was a first for Australia and maybe the world in its scope and size, including examining • Exhaust gases and their behavior through the ventilation system • Cardiac and respiratory function before and after shift • Blood and urine samples from up to 100 workers pre and post shift This study may progress the development of biomarkers to better measure and assess exposure to diesel exhaust 13 August 2019 22

  23. In International Council for Clean Transportation 13 August 2019 23

  24. IC ICCT continued • For certification of heavy-duty vehicle emissions, engines are tested on a test bed and emissions are reported as g/kWh. The WHSC is a steady-state cycle also based on a weighted sum of emissions over thirteen modes, which are combinations of engine speed and load. The cycle is based on real-world drives in Europe, the United States, Japan, and Australia. It is a hot-start cycle following preconditioning at an engine speed of 55% and 50% load. The WHTC test is a transient engine test of 1800 seconds, with several motoring segments, originally developed by the UNECE Working Party on Pollution and Energy. It is based on the worldwide pattern of real-world heavy commercial vehicle use based on typical driving conditions found in Europe, the United States, Japan, and Australia. 13 August 2019 24

  25. The Solution In DECREASING COST 1. Shut the mine down 2. Go all electric 3. Ventilation 4. Filtration 13 August 2019 25

  26. Go all electric Several mines in Canada have gone electric, 1. All are shaft mines • Borden • Onaping Deeps 2. All (most?)are owner operator 3. All are down hill loaded haul 4. The capital cost of the equipment is approximately 3 times that of diesel (GMMG battery meeting Perth Nov 2018) 13 August 2019 26

  27. Ventilation 1. Do not use the decline for primary ventilation 2. Have a Fresh Air Raise and a Return Air Raise 3. Use vent doors to control flow 4. Use a Particle count monitor such as the testo Discmini or Naneos Partector to understand the amount of nDP present 5. You will find that “dead heads” might have nDP lurking 6. Forget the Particle Mass criteria, it is OBSOLETE 13 August 2019 27

  28. Voodoo • Add blue • Burn diesel on the DPF 13 August 2019 28

  29. Filtration . Tartakovsky et al. / Atmospheric Environment 107 (2015) 273e280 13 August 2019 29

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