A Formal Interpretation of Concept Types and Type Shifts Wiebke - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts A Formal Interpretation of Concept Types and Type Shifts Wiebke Petersen & Tanja Osswald Heinrich-Heine-Universit¨ at D¨ usseldorf Research group on “Functional Concepts and Frames” CogLang 2010 Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 1

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts outline Concept Types (L¨ obner) 1 Concept Frames 2 Type Shifts 3 Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 2

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts outline Concept Types (L¨ obner) 1 Concept Frames 2 Type Shifts 3 Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 3

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Concept classification person, pope, house, verb, sun, Mary, wood, brother, mother, meaning, distance, spouse, argument, entrance Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 4

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Concept classification: inherent relationality person, pope, house, verb, sun, Mary, non-relational wood brother, mother, meaning, distance, relational spouse, argument, entrance Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 5

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Concept classification: inherent uniqueness of reference non-unique refer- unique reference ence person, house, non-relational Mary, pope, sun verb, wood brother, argument, mother, meaning, relational entrance distance, spouse L¨ obner Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 6

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Concept classification non-unique reference unique reference non-relational sortal concept individual concept indefinite, demonstra- singular definite, abso- tive, plural, quantifica- lute tional, absolute proper relational con- relational functional concept cept indefinite, demonstra- tive, plural, quantifica- singular definite, rela- tional, relational, pos- tional, possessive sessive L¨ obner Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 7

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts outline Concept Types (L¨ obner) 1 Concept Frames 2 Type Shifts 3 Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 8

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Frames Barsalou (1992) Frames, Concepts, and Conceptual Fields Frames provide the fundamental representation of knowledge in human cognition. At their core, frames contain attribute-value sets . Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 9

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Frames as generalized feature structures Crown N W O R C Frames (Petersen 2007) Bark TRUNK BARK Frames can be represented by directed connected graphs with DIAMETER one central node (double border) nodes labeled with types Dia arcs labeled with attributes person no node with two outgoing arcs with the same label MOTHER MOTHER open argument nodes are marked as rectangular nodes uniquely referring nodes are marked with a definiteness marker Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 10

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Frames and functional concepts attributes represent functions Crown N W ⇒ attributes correspond to O R C functional concepts Bark TRUNK BARK ⇒ frames decompose concepts into functional DIAMETER concepts Dia ⇒ functional concepts embody the concept type on which categorization is based Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 11

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Sortal concepts tree-frame trunk-frame Crown Bark N K W R O A R B C TRUNK Bark Tree DIAMETER TRUNK K R A B Dia DIAMETER Dia Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 12

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Individual concepts Mary-frame pope-frame predicate constant ‘Mary’: predicate constant ‘pope’: HEAD Mary RCC Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 13

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Non-relational concepts sortal concepts individual concepts most simple frame: most simple frame: one open argument one open argument (=central node) (=central node) no path from a definite node there is a direct path from a to the central node definite node to the central node Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 14

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Proper relational concepts brother-frame co-parent-frame MOTHER MOTHER MOTHER FATHER SEX Male child-frame MOTHER Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 15

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Functional concepts head-frame haircolor-frame predicate constant ‘head’: predicate constant ‘haircolor’: HEAD COLOR HAIR Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 16

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Relational concepts proper relational concepts functional concepts most simple frame: most simple frame: two open arguments two open arguments no direct path from the other there is a direct path from open argument to the the other open argument to central node the central node Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 17

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Summary: concept types and their frames sortal concepts individual concepts most simple frame: most simple frame: Examples: stone, teenager, tree Examples: pope, Mary proper relational concepts functional concepts most simple frame: most simple frame: Examples: sister, son, finger Examples: mother, trunk, color Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 18

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts outline Concept Types (L¨ obner) 1 Concept Frames 2 Type Shifts 3 Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 19

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Type shifts: example Concept mother (cf. Gerland and Horn 2010) (1) Maria is Peter’s mother. (2) Maria is a mother. (3) Maria is the mother. (4) Maria is a mother of Peter. Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 20

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Mother as a functional concept (1) Maria is Peter’s mother. MOTHER Lexicalized concept type. Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 21

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Mother as a sortal concept (2) Maria is a mother. MOTHER Type shifts can close or open arguments. Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 22

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Mother as an individual concept (3) Maria is the mother. MOTHER Context can introduce definiteness. Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 23

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Mother as a proper relational concept (4) Maria is a mother of Peter. motherhood relation R E CHILD H T O M Type shifts can transform the frame structure of a concept - but they need a strong context for that. Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 24

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Type shifts: example Concept flat (5) Many flats are offered in the newspaper. (6) This flat is a flat of John, he owns more than five. (7) The flat of Mary is huge and the rent is reasonable. Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 25

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Flat as a sortal concept (5) Many flats are offered in the newspaper. H O OWNER U T S N I A N N G E T Flat Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 26

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Flat as a proper relational concept (6) This flat is a flat of John, he owns more than five. H OWNER O U T S N I A N N G E T Flat Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 27

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Flat as a functional concept (7) The flat of Mary is huge and the rent is reasonable. H O R U E T N S N I W A N N O G E T flat Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 28

Concept Types Concept Frames Type Shifts Summary and outlook Outlook Summary metaphoric shifts Type shifts occur in metonymic shifts language. Type shifts can be modeled in frames. Campus Integer UNIVERSITY S Types can be shifted T N E CAMPUS arbitrarily. D U T S Unusual uses need a strong # context for the shift. University Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 29

Literature Barsalou, L. W. (1992). Frames, concepts, and conceptual fields. In A. Lehrer and E.F. Kittay (eds.), Frames, fields, and contrasts , 21-74. Erlbaum: Hillsday. Horn, Chr. and Gerland, D. (2010, accepted). Referential properties of nouns across languages. In: Proceedings of SiCoL 2010, Seoul international Conference on Linguistics, Korea L¨ obner, S. (2010, submitted). Types of nouns, NPs, and determination. Petersen, W. (2007). Decomposing concepts with frames. In J. Skilters, F. Toccafondi and G. Stemberger (eds.), Complex Cognition and Qualitative Science . The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication, Vol. 2, 151-170. University of Latvia. Petersen & Osswald Concept Types and Type Shifts 30