8/30/2018 The Study of Ancient Civilizations 1 Warfare is the - PDF document

8/30/2018 The Study of Ancient Civilizations 1 Warfare is the Agent of Historic Change • Recorded history begins at approximately 3,500 B.C. • Prior to that everything is called “Pre - Historic” • 3,500 BC – 2017 AD (5,517 Years) – Approximately 200 years of peace – Technology improves the quality of weapons – People become more aggressive 2 2 Ancient History The most violent century in the history of the world ? The Twentieth Century ! 3 1

8/30/2018 Ancient Warriors 4 The Nine Principles of War The Modern Warrior of the 21 st Century 5 Historic Dating of Years and Periods of History B.C . = Before Christ / A.D. = Anno Domini (“in the year of Our Lord!”) Us Use N Non one Ot Other ! 6 2

8/30/2018 How do we know what has occurred in the Past? The Science of Archaeology!! Let us now do our own archaeological study  We discover  We analyze “Critical Thinking”  We interpret  We report How do we know what is being reported in accurate or correct? We (as students of history) read about topics, study and research, and come to our own conclusions. We evaluate the (multiple) sources to determine the credibility – Is it believable? 7 Jericho Oldest known city in the world? 8 Digging Down at Jericho Count the Levels! 9 3

8/30/2018 Look at the Depth of Jericho Count the Levels! 10 10 Life in Jericho? Written texts discovered include the admonishments of a father to his son! “Work hard, study, do not be lazy” 11 11 Basics for Society / Civilization • Man begins to settle down in one place • Basic necessities to establish cities – Water (River Valleys) • Drinking – Cooking • Irrigation for agriculture • Transportation to move products – Religion – Language – Government 12 12 4

8/30/2018 Basic necessities to establish cities (cont.’) Water (River Valleys) • Drinking – Cooking • Irrigation for agriculture • Transportation to move products 13 Nile River Valley Climate / Geography Dry Desert – Water Essential Cataracts -- Waterfalls Delta Flows to South – North (Upper to Lower) • Upper Egypt (higher elevations) • Lower Egypt (Nile Delta) 14 14 Narmer (Menes) (Ruler of Upper Egypt) Unites both kingdoms of early Egypt Capital: Memphis (near border of two kingdoms) Crown of Upper Egypt Crown of Lower Egypt Creates World’s First Nation 15 15 5

8/30/2018 Start of Egypt’s dynasties (30 in total) 3,000 – 332 BC Cartouche (Name of the King/Pharaoh) Leads to Translation of Language / Rosetta Stone 16 16 Egypt is Rich in Natural Resources Notice Gold Deposits! These will be fought over for 3,000 years. 17 Period of Three Kingdoms Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 B.C.) • Pyramids – Giza Plateau Building for Eternity The Pyramids 18 18 6

8/30/2018 Period of Three Kingdoms Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 B.C.) • Pyramids – Giza Plateau • National Government develops • Theocracy • Memphis 19 19 The Great Sphinx Built 2550 – 2530 B.C. Largest Monolith Statue in the World! Standing Guard at Giza – Three Great Pyramids 20 Period of Three Kingdoms (cont.’) Middle Kingdom (2200 – 1600 BC) Thebes becomes capital Power declines Invasion by the Hyksos • Bronze weapons • Chariots • Rule Egypt for over 100 years New Kingdom (1600 – 945 B.C.) Defeat of the Hyksos Begin to use the title “Pharaoh” Valley of the Kings created Thutmose III builds the Egyptian Empire Amenhotep (Nefertiti) -- Akhenaton – Monotheism Tutankhamen (King Tut) -- Thebes 21 7

8/30/2018 Amateur Archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922 discovers King Tutankhamen's Tomb 22 Amateur Archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922 discovers King Tutankhamen's Tomb Ancient Mystery • Died at age 18 • Murdered? Only tomb discovered intact – with grave goods! 23 Ramses II Longest Living Pharaoh *67 years! Moses? Battle of Kadesh – Hittites Abu Simbel 24 8

8/30/2018 One of the best documented battles of antiquity Described and written about by both the Hittites and the Egyptians (with their own points of view – “spin”!) 25 25 Ramses as a Leader • Young (Inexperienced) • Brave • Rash / Impulsive • Adventurous • Doesn’t always follow advice! 26 26 Egyptian Military • Chariots • Infantry 27 27 9

8/30/2018 The Hittites as Soldiers Large numbers of chariots Use of Iron Three soldiers vs. Egyptian two soldiers per chariot 28 28 29 29 30 30 10

8/30/2018 31 31 Note! Diplo lomacy at Work = Treaty Each side e claimed med victory Reali lity: y: it can be called ed a draw 32 32 Result: The world’s first recorded peace treaty 33 33 11

8/30/2018 34 34 Egyptian Society • This life or next – it is the same!! • Upper Class – Royalty, Priests • Middle Class – Artisans, scribes, merchants, tax collectors • Lower Class – Poor, Farmers, largest social group Egyptian Religion • Polytheistic • King / Pharaoh = God • Prepared for the next world Art • Tomb & Temple Wall Paintings • Statues 35 35 British Museum - London Examples of Egyptian “Art”  Wall Painting  Statues  Embalming 36 12

8/30/2018 The Scribe 37 37 Egyptian Society • This life or next – it is the same!! • Upper Class – Royalty, Priests • Middle Class – Artisans, scribes, merchants, tax collectors • Lower Class – Poor, Farmers, largest social group Egyptian Religion • Polytheistic • King / Pharaoh = God • Prepared for the next world Art • Tomb & Temple Wall Paintings • Statues Writing • Hieroglyphics – Hieratic (Demotic) • Rosetta Stone – 196 BC • British Museum in London 38 38 Ros oset etta St a Ston one British Bri sh Muse seum Lo Lond ndon on, Eng nglan and • 45 inches in height • 28 1/2 inches in width • 11 inches thick • 1,676 pounds in weight. 39 39 13

8/30/2018 Rosetta Stone Three Languages: Hieroglyphs Demotic (Hieratic – Cursive) Ancient Greek • Written in 196 B.C. • Account of Ptolomy V and his divine cult • Discovered in Rosetta, Egypt in 1799 (Napoleon – France) • Translated by Champollion in 1822 What other language does this look like? Answer: Aramaic; Hebrew; Arabic 40 Development of the World’s First Towns & Cities 41 41 The Standard of Ur (2600 – 2400 B.C.?) • A hollow box, covered with inlaid little beads of lapis lazuli and small carved figures. • It was found laying in the corner of a burial chamber above a head of a man. • When found, the original wooden frame was decayed, and two mosaic panels, set in the bitumen, were broken. • It was envisaged that it had been carried on a pole as a standard. Another suggestion is that the hollow box formed a part of a musical instrument. • It was decorated on its four sides with inlaid mosaic scenes representing all social classes at war and peace. • At the top of the "peace" panel, a singer and a harpist playing the vertical harp (also known as a lyre harp or a lyre like those found in many "royal" tombs) entertained the king. 42 14

8/30/2018 Mesopotamia Sumer = Birthplace of “Land between the two rivers” the World’s First Cities (Tigris / Euphrates) • Fertile Crescent = Iraq • Flood waters • Irrigation = Agriculture in a dry environment 43 43 Sumerians – Sumer 44 Sumerians – Sumer 100’s of small locations • Ur, Uruk, Nippur, Eridu, Babylon, Lagash, Umma, Kish, Agade, Erech • Development of city-states City and surrounding land (2 -15 miles out) • Governed independently from other city-states councils monarchs -- military & religious leader 45 15

8/30/2018 Center of city = Ziggurat • religious purposes • polytheistic 46 Map of Sumerian City Depicting various features of the city in Cuneiform writing Mounds of Nippur – Once on the banks of the Euphrates 47 Writing Develops in Sumer Cuneiform  pictures  wedge shaped  clay tablets  well preserved  leads eventually to the first alphabet 48 16

8/30/2018 49 Inventions • Concept of “60” • Wheel 51 17

8/30/2018 The City of Ur Because of Hot/Dry Climate, People Often Sleep on Roof! 52 Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC 53 53 Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC 54 54 18

8/30/2018 Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC 55 55 Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC 56 56 Sumerian way of war • Bronze (copper & tin) weapons • Chariots – pulled by Onagers (small horses) or donkeys! Which leads up to the world’s first Empires 19