5/10/2018 The Islamic Civilization A Study of the Faith / Empire / Culture Mecca / Makkah 1 1 Isolated Peninsula Southwestern = Fertile Remainder = Arid Plains / Desert Agriculture along the coastal areas Bedouin Tribes / Nomadic / Sheikh Crossroads of trade – Oasis • Towns emerge • Makkah / Mecca • Kaaba • Polytheistic 2 2 Mohammed Born 570 – Mecca • Orphaned • Lives with uncle • Become a Merchant • Travels throughout the Middle East • Marries Khadija (15 yrs. older) • Influenced by Christianity and Judaism The Flight of Mohammed Hijrah (Hegira) • Start of the Islamic Calendar – 622 A.D. • Medina Compact • Political Capital of Islam 3 3 1
5/10/2018 Expansion of Islam During Mohammed’s Life After Mohammed’s Death Fought to re-establish power of “Rightly Guided Caliphs” Mohammed Enters Mecca – 630 A.D . Kaaba becomes place of worship tied to Abraham Mohammed dies at Medina in 632 A.D. 4 4 The Kaaba Exterior Interior 5 5 Islam = “Submission to the Will of God” Koran / Quran (“Recital”) Written in Arabic Final authority in matters of faith and lifestyle • God’s messages revealed to Mohammed • Old Testament Stories • Specific Rules • Alcohol Shari’ah • Quran / Sayings of Mohammed • Islamic moral principles • Public / Private Life 6 6 2
5/10/2018 7 7 Building the Islamic Empire through military conquest 8 8 The Spread of Islam The Early Islamic Warrior 9 9 3
5/10/2018 Expansion of Islam “jihad” begins Caliph = “Successor” Mohammed left no clear line of succession Rightly Guided Caliphs (Rashidun Caliphs) -- 632 A.D. – 661 A.D. • Four immediate successors of Mohammed • All knew, lived, followed Mohammed 10 10 Islam Fragments 661 Death of Ali --- Muawiyah (Governor of Syria) Establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty (661 – 750 A.D.) • Damascus established as capital city instead of Medina • Greatest Period of Islamic Expansion Divisions in the Islamic Faith Emerge Fatima – Mohammed’s Descendants Umayyad’s Religious Leaders Political Leaders Shiite Muslims Sunni Muslims 10% in the World 90% in the World Further divided into smaller sects Settle in North Africa (Fatimid's) 11 The Umayyad Dynasty in Power 661 – 750 A.D. Overthrown in 750 Continues Dynasty in • Spread Arabic Language Spain • Minted 1 st Arabic Currency Emirate / Caliphate of Cordoba • Built Roads (756 – 1031) 12 12 4
5/10/2018 The Umayyad Political World 13 13 Expansion into Europe (Spain) 711 – 714 A.D. Defeat the Catholic Visigoths Internal Civil War 14 14 Arab / Muslim Expansion into Europe Charles Martel & Eudes Meet 732 A.D. Franks = 20 – 30,000 Troops Arabs = 15 – 20,000 Troops Summer 732 A.D. Arab Raids into France 714 - 731 15 15 5
5/10/2018 16 Muslim Focus on Spain Begins Eight Centuries 711 – 1492 Distinct Culture Combination of Europe / N. Africa / Middle East Cordoba / Cordova Umayyad Capital 70 Libraries – 500,000 books Granada Alhambra 17 18 18 6
5/10/2018 Rise of the Abbasid Dynasty 747 – 750 A.D. • Baghdad becomes capital of the Islamic Empire • Islamic Culture emerges as being distinct and unique • Height of Islamic Culture reached under early Abbasid rulers • Abbasid dynasty rules 750 – 1258 Dissatisfaction with Umayyad's • Discrimination among non-Arabs / Others • Shiite opposition join • Rebel in areas to east – Iraq / Persia Descendant of Mohammed comes to power • Baghdad becomes new Abbasid capital • Tigris River • Trade Routes 19 Height of Islamic Culture Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 – 809) Baghdad Flourishes Corresponds with Charlemagne • Charlemagne sent illuminated manuscripts & bales of furs • Harun al-Rashid sent fabrics, perfumes and an elephant named Abu- Lababah (“Father of Intelligence” ) Baghdad center of trade routes – Population 20 Fatimid’s Emerge in North Africa Will control nearly and Egypt all of North Africa Rule 909 – 1171 Internal Divisions / Will Face the Crusades Cairo is capital city Fall to Ayyubid Dynasty / Shiite Islam Rise of Saladin 21 7
5/10/2018 Mamluks of Egypt Halt Mongols • Horse Archers • Similar Tactics • Only Mongol Defeat • Save Islam for Middle East? 22 22 Agriculture: Irrigation / Fruit Orchards Trade: Crossroads Bazaars / Marketplaces / Urban Centers 23 24 24 8
5/10/2018 The Numbers 1 2 013456… 4 5 25 House of Wisdom -- Baghdad Ma’mun – 830 Intellectual Center – Research / Science Translation of earlier literature – Greek / Persian / Indian 26 Cultural - Scholarship Arabic Numerals – India Mathematics: Chemistry & Medicine: al-Razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / “ Canon of Medicine” Art and Architecture: Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / “Rubaiyat” 27 9
5/10/2018 Cultural - Scholarship Arabic Numerals – India Mathematics: Chemistry & Medicine: al-Razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / “ Canon of Medicine” Art and Architecture: Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / “Rubaiyat” Arabian Nights Tales 28 Cultural - Scholarship Chemistry & Medicine: al-Razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / “ Canon of Medicine” Art and Architecture: Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / “Rubaiyat” Arabian Nights Tales Philosophy & History: Averroes (Ibn-Rushd) & Moses Maimonides Corresponds with ideas of St. Thomas Aquinas 29 30 30 10
5/10/2018 Examples of Islamic Architecture 31 Last Test of the Year = 17 May 32 11
Recommend
More recommend
