4/8/2019 Goals for our class today Plant Identification • Learn about plant classification and naming • Recognize identifying characteristics of plants • Appreciate the value in learning (and using!) latin! • Gain confidence in a new skill (plant identification) • Learn something new… and have fun!! What is this plant? Hint: it can be a Why identify plants? climbing or ground vine, or even a shrub. • learn propagation • curiosity methods • ability to write & talk • learn common disease about plants or pest problems • ability to look up info • is it edible or about plants medicinal? • learn cultural • IS requirements IT POIS ONOUS ? Toxicodendron = Giant Black Toxic + Dendron (Tree) Willow Aphid 1
4/8/2019 Dutch Elm Disease What’s in a name? Both plants are commonly called Hemlock S ame plant… different growth stages Determining if Tree or S hrub? ? Tree? Tree Shrub • Woody perennial plants • One main stem • Multiple stems • Over 20’ tall • Less than 20’ tall (maturity) S hrub? (maturity) 2
4/8/2019 “ A trub is a plant that cannot decide if it is a tree or a shrub. It gets bushy, but it grows to Botanical Nomenclature a height of more than 15 feet, which classifies it as a true trub....” • the systematic naming of plants ~ Jerry Goodspeed, Utah S tate University Extension horticulturist • developed by Carl Linnaeus in the “ Hazelnuts...should be trained and grown as 1700’s and still used today a tree because they are more productive as a tree and make a mean-spirited, lousy shrub...When trained as a tree, hazelnuts can grow to about 20 feet high, with an equal • plants names are primarily in Latin spread...They require cross-pollination, so two different varieties need to be planted.” Prior to Linnaeus, plants were Carnation named using descriptive terms: The scientific name for carnation was: Kingdom: Plantae “Dianthus floribus solitariis squamis calycinis Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida subovatis brevissimis corollis crenatus” Order: Caryophyllales Family: Caryophyllaceae Genus: Dianthus S pecies: Caryophyllus Hierarchical S ystem of Biological Classification Botanical Latin of an Organism • Plants Plantae • Kingdom Plantae • Flowering plants Magnoliophyta • S ubkingdom Embryophyta • Phylum Tracheophyta • Dicotyledons Magnoliopsida • S ubphylum Pterophytina • Group of families Rosales • Class Angiospermae • Currant family Grossulariaceae • S ubclass Diocotyledonae • Currant Ribes • Order S apindales • Family Aceraceae • Red flowering Ribes sanguineum • Genus Acer L. currant Ribes sanguineum var. • S pecies Acer rubrum L. • Blood currant melanocarpum 3
4/8/2019 Divisions in the Plant Common name vs. S cientific name Kingdom • Bryophytes • Angiospermophyta • Blood currant Mosses and allies – Flowering plants - Dicot 24,000 Species 200,000 Species • Pteridophytes • Ribes sanguineum Ferns and allies • Angiospermophyta var. 1,043 Species – Flowering plants – • Coniferophyta melanocarpum Monocots, 30,000 Species Conifers and allies 600 Species Appearance isn’ t everything… Did Y ou Know? A palm tree has more in common with a blade of grass than other trees. S ay what? A strawberry plant is more closely related to an apple tree than to a clover! How is that so? Let’s prove it! And then… there’s the oddball… A Ginko tree is so different from other plants that it has a phylum by itself . But if you have to group it with other plants it belongs with conifers such as pines. A strawberry plant is more closely related to an apple tree than to a clover! Strawberry: Angiosperms, Eudicots, Rosids, Rosales, Rosaceae, Fragaria Apple: Angiosperms, Eudicots, Rosids, Rosales, Rosaceae, Malus Clover: Angiosperms, Eudicots, Rosids, Fabales, Fabaceae, Trifolium 4
4/8/2019 Carpinus caroliniana Reasons not to use common names American hornbeam • Well known plants often have more than one common name • not universal Also known as blue beech, ironwood, • two or more plants may have the same common name musclewood, etc. • many species, particularly rare ones, do not have common names Thuj a plicat a Nymphaea alba European White Waterlily Western redcedar Also known as • 15 English names giant arborvitae, • 44 Pacific redcedar French names and shinglewood • 105 German names • 81 Dutch names • 245 TOTAL common names! Quercus rubra The names of plants • The scientific name for a plant • By using the binomial system of consists of two words: nomenclat ure, plant names are the same in all languages! 1. Genus or generic name species 2. specific epithet • Every plant has a “ first and last i.e. Quercus rubra name.” But… the last name is written first! 5
4/8/2019 Binomial Nomenclature Plant Classification clarifies relationships & avoids confusion • Western redcedar • Thuj a plicat a • Process of categorizing plants into • Port-orford-cedar • Chamaecyparis lawsoniana groups with similar characteristics. • Alaska-cedar • Chamaecyparis noot kat ensis • Deodar cedar • There are over 1 million botanically • Cedrus deodara different plants in existence named by • Atlas cedar • Cedrus at lant ica the binomial system of nomenclature. • Incense cedar • Calocedrus decurrens Which part of the plant is used Plants Are Classified for classification? • Reproductive characteristics • Tissue structure – non-vascular/ vascular • Seed structure – naked seeds, covered seeds, spores • Stature – mosses, ferns, shrubs, vines, trees, and herbs Family Plant Classification • Nearly all classifications are • a group of plants with similar characteristics especially flowers, fruits, and seeds, the reproductive structures are sexual based on the parts of used for distinction. the and the fruit flower. • The size of a family varies from 1 to 100+ i.e. Ginkgoaceae has one genus Ginkgo biloba Rosaceae has 100 genera (Malus, Spiraea, Rosa) 6
4/8/2019 The genus can serve to describe Genus (plural genera) one of the following: • a plants appearance- Hemerocallis (day and • An assemblage of species having beauty) many structural similarities in • supposed medicinal qualities- Pulmonaria common and closely related by (lungwort) descent from a common ancestor • resemblance to something else- Hepat ica (liver) • honor a person by using their name – Kalmia • First word in a botanical name (Peter Kalm) The specific epithet can give us S pecific epithet hints about the plant: • Cotoneaster horizontalis • second word in the botanical name • Coreopsis gigantea • usually an adj ective used to describe size, color, leaf shape, growth habit, origin of the plant or • Godetia grandiflora to commemorate a person • Cistus x purpureus • Cotoneaster horizontalis • Coreopsis gigantea Hint? Hint? 7
4/8/2019 Hint? • Godetia grandiflora Hint? • Cistus x purpureus Hybrids S pecies Closely related but separate species interbreed Hybrids are often sterile • Cornus x rut gersensis • If a plant is a hybrid of • Genus + specific epithet (hybrid of C. florida two species, an x • difficult to define and C. kousa) appears between the genus and specific • basic taxonomic unit epithet • group of organisms that have similar characteristics whose offspring have • If a plant is a hybrid of • xHeucherella the ability to interbreed two genera, an x (hybrid of Heuchera appears before the and Tiarella) genus Hybrid Writing plant names correctly • scientific names should always be Platanus occidentalis crossed with underlined or in it alics Platanus orientalis • the genus is capitalized, the specific epithet (species) is not (*last name first!) Plantanus x acerifolia • the name is only complete if it is followed by the name of the person who first described or named it, though uncommon. 8
4/8/2019 Plant species can be divided For example: Red Oak more specifically into: Quercus rubra Linnaeus or Quercus rubra L. • Variety Quercus rubra or Quercus rubra • Cultivar Variety Variety names • Added to binomial, preceded by var. • naturally occurring subset of species • Pinus cont ort a var. cont ort a S hore Pine • Pinus cont ort a var. lat ifolia Lodgepole Pine • a plant which retains most of the characteristics of the species but differs in some identifiable, consistent way, i.e. flower color, plant size Cultivar names Cultivar written in plain text, capitalized and set off by single quotes • “ cultivated variety” Viburnum opulus ‘ Roseum’ ( Viburnum opulus cv. Roseum) • horticulturally developed and maintained • distinguished by characters which are retained when reproduced 9
4/8/2019 Genus Specific Variety or Common Integrated Approach to Plant epithet Cultivar Name Identification Sugar 1. Acer saccharum • Visual inspection of plant characteristics Maple 2. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Patmore • Photographic references ‘Patmore’ Green Ash • Plant classification keys Thornless 3. Gleditsia triacanthos var . inermis Common Honeylocust • Expert advice Collect information about Collect information about what you see: what you see: • where does it grow? • herbaceous, conifer, broadleaved evergreen, deciduous? Collect information about Collect information about what you see: what you see: • what are the characteristics of • What is the overall form of the plant? individual plant parts? 10
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