3/25/2011 CornSugar.com Sweetener Myths and Misinformation High Fructose or Hyperbole? West Virginia Dietetic Association, April 2011 l John S. White, Ph.D. President, White Technical Research My reasoned view of high fructose corn syrup… • Scientific perspective lost in the debate • Equivalent to sucrose in many respects • No evidence that it is uniquely • No evidence that it is uniquely responsible for obesity • Can be part of a healthy diet when used in moderation And now… The Rest of the Story What have you heard about Take home message Experts agree: HFCS = Sucrose high fructose corn syrup…? • Uniquely responsible for obesity • ILSI-USDA Expert Panel , 2008; • Michael Jacobsen, CSPI J Nutr , Jun 2009 • Walter Willett, Harvard • HFCS is sweeter than sucrose (table sugar) American Dietetic Association , • • Marion Nestle, NYU Dec 2008 • Doesn’t blunt appetite; overeating • Peter Havel, UC Davis • American Medical Association , • Barry Popkin, UNC y p , Jun 2008 Jun 2008 • Metabolized differently than sucrose • Metabolized differently than sucrose • George Bray, Pennington • Experimental Biology Expert • Raises triglycerides, uric acid, blood pressure Panel , 2007; AJCN , Dec 2008 Let’s see what Center for Food, Nutrition and • Primary cause of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, • Agricultural Policy Expert Panel , science says… heart disease 2006; Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr , 2007 All false…Surprised? 1
3/25/2011 HFCS history Why the focus on HFCS? HFCS timeline • Bray, Nielsen & Popkin, AJCN, 2004 1960s – technology development Graphical correlation • 1970s – introduced to food industry � 1970 – 2000 � � HFCS use vs obesity HFCS use vs obesity 1980 1980s – wide use in foods id i f d Hypothesis: • 1990s – peak use HFCS is uniquely responsible for obesity 2000s – focus and decline • Despite correlation ≠ causation, widespread dissemination HFCS declining for 12y…Bray hypothesis HFCS declining for 12y…Bray hypothesis untenable even before publication untenable even before publication 2000 remains a popular – but – 2000 remains a popular but wrong endpoint in justifications U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2010. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2010. …and sucrose is dominant worldwide Science says Most nutritive sweeteners are essentially interchangeable • Composition • Processing • Calories • Absorption • Sweetness • Metabolism • Functionality Fereday et al. Sweetener analysis. LMC International Ltd., 2005. 2
3/25/2011 Science says Production methods are similar Science says Composition is similar Agave 4 Fruit juice 3 Sucrose 1 HFCS 2 Honey concentrate nectar Cane Pear, Grape Source Corn Bees Cactus Beet Apple Corn High Fructose I nvert Fruit Juice Agave Type of Sugar Sucrose Honey Syrup Corn Syrup Sugar Concentrates Nectar � � � � � Physical/botanical extraction Monosaccharides � � � � � � Fructose Hydrolysis � � � • Acid, enzyme � � � � � � � Glucose � � � � � Flocculation/Filtration Disaccharides � Sucrose Enzyme treatment � ( � ) ( � ) ( � ) (Fru − Glu) � � � � • Depolymerization, filtration aid, � Lactose isomerization, inversion (Glu − Gal) Concentration � � � � � � Maltose � • Evaporation (Glu − Glu) Color/flavor/aroma removal � Polysaccharides � � � � ( � ) (Glu − Glu) X • Ion exchange, carbon, crystallization Stripping 1 Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4 th Edition, pg. 1915-1919 2 www.corn.org 3 www.sugar.org/other-sweeteners/other-caloric-sweeteners.html#juice-concentrates 4 www.patentstorm.us/patents/5846333/fulltext.html Science says Science says HFCS sugars − common in sweeteners HFCS sugars − common in nature % Total sugars* Sweetener Form Total fructose Total glucose Fructose Fruit, vegetables (% total sugars) HFCS ‐ 42 Syrup 42 58 Honey Syrup 48 52 ≥ 66 Apples, pears Crystalline sucrose Dry 50 50 56-65 Asparagus, raspberries, spinach, watermelon Medium/Total invert Syrup 50 50 Almonds, apricots, bananas, blackberries, blueberries, broccoli, + Evaporated cane juice + E t d j i Syrup S 50 50 50 50 B Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cantaloupe, carrots, cashews, cherries, l t bb t l t h h i Clementines, sweet corn, cucumbers, currants, dates, figs, filberts, Grape juice conc Syrup 53 47 grapefruit, grapes, hazelnuts, honeydew, melon, kiwi fruit, lentils, 42-55 lettuce, lime juice, macadamias, nectarines, sweet onions, navel HFCS ‐ 55 Syrup 55 45 oranges, peaches, peanuts, peas pecans, sweet peppers, + Apple juice conc Syrup 65 35 persimmons, pineapple, pistachios, raisins, summer squash, + Pear juice conc strawberries, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, walnuts, cooked wild rice Syrup 74 26 + Agave nectar Syrup 74 26 31-41 Artichokes, celery, okra, plums, radishes, turnip greens Crystalline fructose Dry 99.5+ 0.1 max NutritionData.com. Conde Nast. 2008. *Total sugars = ∑ (sucrose + glucose + fructose + lactose + maltose + galactose) Science says Science says Differences disappear in bloodstream Hydrolyzed sucrose = HFCS • Enzyme (sucrase) F • Acid (pH, temp, time) Sucrose F ― G � F + G G Invert sugar e t suga HFCS F F + G Fruit Juice Conc. G Honey OH + • Different pathways for fructose & glucose is a moot point • All sweeteners produce the same metabolic effect High Fructose Corn Syrup 3
3/25/2011 Science says Science says Sweetener reformulation is a metabolic wash : A sugar is a sugar no nutritional improvement… misleads consumers Once sucrose and HFCS are absorbed into the • Cane and beet sugar bloodstream, they: • Fruit sugar • Agave sugar – deliver the sam e sugars – at the sam e ratios • Corn sugar – to the sam e tissues • Name change proposed to FDA – within the sam e timeframe • Independent research shows consumers – to the sam e metabolic pathways understand corn sugar • Helps consumers manage sugars intake Science says Science says Sweetness: HFCS = Sucrose Sugars are functional beyond sweetness W hy they’re used in foods… Sweetness Relative Absolute Sugars Intensity Sweetness Sweetness • More fermentable • Sweetness equivalent (crystalline) 1 (10% ds) 2 (10% ds) 3 sugars to sucrose Fructose 180 117 • Ease of handling E f h dli • Retains moisture R t i i t Sucrose 100 100 100 • Resists crystallization • Stability in acid HFCS-55 99 97 • Promotes browning • Lower freezing point Glucose 74-82 65 • Flavor enhancement 1 Schallenberger & Acree. 1971. Sugar Chemistry. AVI Pub. Co., Westport CT. 2 White & Parke. 1989. Cereal Foods World. 34(5):392-398. 3 Calculated from Schiffman, et al. 2000. Physiology & Behavior. 68:469-481. Science says HFCS vs Sucrose... Metabolically equivalent Melanson, Zukley, Lowndes, Nguyen, Angelopoulos, Rippe. 2007.Effects of high ‐ fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal ‐ weight woman. Nutrition 23(2):103 ‐ 112. 4
3/25/2011 Melanson, Zukley, Lowndes, Nguyen, Angelopoulos, Rippe. 2007.Effects of high ‐ fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating Melanson, Zukley, Lowndes, Nguyen, Angelopoulos, Rippe. 2007.Effects of high ‐ fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal ‐ weight woman. Nutrition 23(2):103 ‐ 112. glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal ‐ weight woman. Nutrition 23(2):103 ‐ 112. Zukley M, et al . June 2007. The Effect of High Fructose Corn Syrup on Post ‐ Prandial Lipemia in Normal Weight Females. Melanson, Zukley, Lowndes, Nguyen, Angelopoulos, Rippe. 2007.Effects of high ‐ fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating Presented at the June 2007 meeting of The Endocrine Society. Program Abstract #P2 ‐ 46. glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal ‐ weight woman. Nutrition 23(2):103 ‐ 112. Pure fructose research Science says doesn’t predict HFCS health outcomes • HFCS is half fructose/half glucose • Incidence of either dietary extreme is negligible • High [fructose] ≠ HFCS • High dose of either is toxic, not physiologic g , p y g • Fructose metabolism ≠ fructose + glucose • Glucose is not a viable replacement in foods • HFCS replaced sucrose, not glucose; best model: HFCS vs sucrose Lowndes J, et al . June 2007. The Effect of High ‐ Fructose Corn Syrup on Uric Acid Levels in Normal Weight Women. Presented at the June 2007 meeting of The Endocrine Society. Program Abstract #P2 ‐ 45. 5
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