21 st Asia-Pacific Advanced Network Meetings 21 st Asia-Pacific Advanced Network Meetings Monitoring for electric power output Monitoring for electric power output Monitoring for electric power output Monitoring for electric power output and fossil CO and fossil CO 2 emissions emissions and fossil CO 2 emissions and fossil CO emissions by means of DMSP/OLS nighttime imagery by means of DMSP/OLS nighttime imagery by means of DMSP/OLS nighttime imagery by means of DMSP/OLS nighttime imagery January 22, 2006 Masa Ma sana nao HARA o HARA* * 1 1 , , Hiroshi Yagi , Hiroshi Yagi* * 1 1 , Hus , Husiletu tu* * 2 2 , Fumihiko , Fumihiko Nishio Nishio * * 2 2 Ma Masa sana nao HARA o HARA , Masa Ma sana nao HARA o HARA* 1 , Hiroshi Yagi* , Hiroshi Yagi* 1 , Hus , Husiletu tu* 2 , Fumihiko , Fumihiko Nishio Nishio * 2 *1 *1 *1 *1 VTI Research Institute, VisionTech Inc.(VTI) *1 VTI Research Institute, VisionTech Inc.(VTI) *1 *2 *2 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University *2 *2 *2 *2 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University
Back Ground Back Ground Back Ground Back Ground • Greenhouse gas is one of big issue in the 21st century. Greenhouse gas is one of big issue in the 21st century. Greenhouse gas is one of big issue in the 21st century. • Greenhouse gas is one of big issue in the 21st century. • Greenhouse gas is one of big issue in the 21st century. Greenhouse gas is one of big issue in the 21st century. • In particularly, CO In particularly, CO 2 In particularly, CO emission is increasing because of emission is increasing because of • In particularly, CO 2 emission is increasing because of emission is increasing because of hu human activities. man activities. hu human activities. man activities. • Human activities always ne Human activities always ne Human activities always need e ed energ ergy. • Human activities always need e ed energ ergy. • Typically Typically electric power Typically electric power is one electric power is one is one • Typically electric power is one of of most important energy for most important energy for most important energy for of of most important energy for hu human activities man activities. . hu human activities man activities • Most electric power is Most electric power is Most electric power is • Most electric power is generated by the fossil fuel. generated by the fossil fuel. generated by the fossil fuel. generated by the fossil fuel.
Consumption composition in Consumption com osition in the the top 10 countries top 10 countries Consumption com Consumption composition in osition in the the top 10 countries top 10 countries of primary energy supply of primary e ergy supply （ 2000 2000 ） of primary e of primary energy supply ergy supply （ 2000 2000 ） units ： million tons converted into oil units ： million tons converted into oil USA China Russia Japan India Germany France Canada U.K Korea USA China Russia Japan India Germany France Canada U.K Korea Total 2,299.7 1,142.4 614.0 524.7 501.9 339.6 257.1 251.0 232.6 193.6 Total 2,299.7 1,142.4 614.0 524.7 501.9 339.6 257.1 251.0 232.6 193.6 Coal Coal 23.6 23.6 57.4 57.4 18.0 18.0 17.9 17.9 32.9 32.9 23.7 23.7 5.8 5.8 12.1 12.1 15.5 15.5 21.7 21.7 Oil Oil 38.6 38.6 19.4 19.4 21.2 21.2 50.5 50.5 20.4 20.4 38.7 38.7 33.9 33.9 35.1 35.1 35.7 35.7 53.6 53.6 Natural Natural Energy Energy 23.7 2.5 51.9 12.4 4.4 21.1 13.7 29.7 37.6 8.8 23.7 2.5 51.9 12.4 4.4 21.1 13.7 29.7 37.6 8.8 gas gas sources sources (%) (%) Atomic Atomic 9.1 9.1 0.4 0.4 5.6 5.6 16.0 16.0 0.9 0.9 13.0 13.0 42.1 42.1 7.6 7.6 9.5 9.5 14.7 14.7 energy energy Hydraulic Hydraulic and other 5.1 5.1 20.4 20.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 41.5 41.5 3.4 3.4 4.4 4.4 15.5 15.5 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 and other energy energy Source 】 】 IEA, Energy Balance of OECD Countries(2002) IEA, Energy Balance of OECD Countries(2002) 【 Source 【 IEA, Energy Balance of NON- IEA, Energy Balance of NON -OECD Countries(2002) OECD Countries(2002)
Structure of CO 2 emission sources in Japan Structure of CO emission sources in Japan Structure of CO 2 emission sources in Japan Structure of CO emission sources in Japan Others 0.1% Others 0.1% Waste material Waste material 2.0% 2.0% Industrial process Industrial process 4.2% 4.2% Home Home 5.4% 5.4% Electric Power Electric Power Other business Other business plant plant 7.9% 7.9% CO 2 emission in Japan CO 2 emission in Japan 37.9% 37.9% The total amount The total amount of year 2001 of year 2001 Transportation Transportation 1.4 billion 1.4 billion- -tons tons 1.4 billion-tons ( (Ship, car, plane, etc) Ship, car, plane, etc) 21.4% 21.4% Industry Industry 21.1% 21.1% Source : Ministry of Environment, 2001 Source : Ministry of Environment, 2001
Objective Objective Objective Objective •Estimate electric power consumption and monitoring Estimate electric power consumption and monitoring Estimate electric power consumption and monitoring • Estimate electric power consumption and monitoring CO CO 2 emission from the electric power consumption emission from the electric power consumption CO CO 2 emission from the electric power consumption emission from the electric power consumption by using satellite remote sensing. by using satellite remote sensing. by using satellite remote sensing. by using satellite remote sensing.
Data Data Data Data DMSP(Defe efense Meteorological Satellite P se Meteorological Satellite Program) / ogram) / O OLS(O S(Optical tical ・ DMSP(Defe efense Meteorological Satellite P se Meteorological Satellite Program) / ogram) / O OLS(O S(Optical tical ・ linescan System) data were used. linescan System) data were used. System) data were used. linescan linescan System) data were used. A whole year of 1999 data (365 scenes) were used. A whole year of 1999 data (365 scenes) were used. ･ A whole year of 1999 data (365 scenes) were used. A whole year of 1999 data (365 scenes) were used. ･ 1 km spatial resolution data 1 km spatial resolution data generated by NGDC in U.S.A. generated by NGDC in U.S.A. ・ 1 km spatial resolution data 1 km spatial resolution data generated by NGDC in U generated by NGDC in U.S.A. S.A. ・
Description of the satellite and the sensor Description of the satellite and the s nsor Description of the satellite and the sensor Description of the satellite and the s nsor DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) specification DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) specification Orbit Sun-synchronous near polar orbit Altitude 830km Revisit 101min Sensor OLS （ Operational Linescan System ） SSM/I （ Microwave Imager ) SSM/T （ Atmospheric Temperature Profiler ） SSM/T2 （ Atmospheric Water Vapor Profiler ） SSJ/4 (Precipitating Electron and Ion Spectrometer ) SSIES (Ion Scintillation Monitor ) OLS Sensor specification Band Spectral range Spatial resolution Swath Radiometric width resolution Fine Smooth Visible 0.40 － 1.10 μ m 0.55km 2.7km 3000km 6bit Visible (Night) 0.47 － 0.95 μ m 0.55km 2.7km 3000km 6bit Thermal-IR 10.0 － 13.4 μ m 0.55km 2.7km 3000km 8bit
Study area Study area Study area Study area ロ シ ア 中国 北朝鮮 韓国
Methodology Methodology Methodology Methodology Methodology Methodology • Remove cloud from a time series of DMSP/OLS imagery Remove cloud from a time series of DMSP/OLS imagery by the by the 10-days Maximum 10-days Maximum Value Composite method. Value Composite method. • Extract the nighttime stable light(DN) by the NRF (Noise Extract the nighttime stable light(DN) by the NRF (Noise Reduction Filter) algorithm. Reduction Filter) algorithm. • Comp Compen ensa sate te th the sa e satu tura ration of DN on of DN by a sim by a simple meth le method od na named med Deltaic Model. Deltaic Model. • Find correlation between DN an Find correlation between DN and statistical electric power d statistical electric power consumption. consumption. • Estimate the electric power cons Estimate the electric power consumption from DN by using the umption from DN by using the correlation. correlation. • Calculate CO Calculate CO 2 emission level from the es emission level from the estimated po timated power consumptio wer consumption. n.
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