#20 The South is destroyed The Civil War ended April 9, 1865. Much - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

#20 The South is destroyed ■ The Civil War ended April 9, 1865. ■ Much of the factories, railroads, and farm land in the South was destroyed by the Civil War. The South would need to be rebuilt. ■ This rebuilding of the South was called Reconstruction .

President Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan ■ President Lincoln wanted to reunite the nation as quickly as possible. ■ Any southern state with at least 10% of its voters making a pledge to be loyal to the U.S. could be readmitted to the Union. ■ The South also had to accept a ban on slavery (13 th Amendment).

The Slaves Are Free ■ With the ending of the war, the slaves were now free. ■ The 13th Amendment to the Constitution was passed. ■ The 13th Amendment made slavery illegal forever in the United States before the war’s end by only Union states. ■ With slavery ended, African-Americans are called the Freedmen.

The Freedmen’s Bureau ■ The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to help poor blacks and whites in the South. ■ The Freedmen’s Bureau established schools in the South and assisted with legal aid and writing contracts with former masters. ■ Laws against educating slaves during the Civil War meant that most ex-slaves did not know how to read and write.

Civil Rights and Economic Opportunities

Freedmen’s Bureau: From June 1865 to January 1866, the occupation force in the South shrank from roughly 270,000 to 87,550 soldiers and later just 20,000 . They are to there to end slavery and assist the Freedmen

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address ■ On March 4, 1865, President Lincoln laid out his approach to Reconstruction in his second inaugural address. ■ He hoped to reunite the nation and it’s people.

■ “With malice [hatred] toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

Lincoln is assassinated ■ Just six days after the war ended at Appomattox, on April 15, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play. ■ Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Southerner who was angry at Lincoln. ■ Vice-President Andrew Johnson became the 14 th US President.

President Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan ■ Plan for Reconstruction: 1. ratify the 13 th Amendment, 2. Swear an Oath of Loyalty to the Union, 3. Cancel the Confederate War Debt ■ Johnson pardon’s (offers amnesty) to 13,000 Confederate leaders who regain their citizenship and property. This ends “40 acres and a mule” for abandoned lands given to the Freedmen. ■ President Johnson is a white supremacist who cares little for Freedmen’s rights

Results of President Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan The Southern states were rapidly readmitted to the Union. They reelected Confederate Governors; sent former CSA Senators and Congressmen to Washington in 1866. Republicans refuse to seat them in Congress. What was the war fought for if the same rebel leaders are reelected and the lives of Freedmen are terrorized and close to slavery?

The Black Codes ■ The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states that limited the new-found freedom of Freedmen / African Americans. ■ Provides cheap Freedmen labor “Slavery without ownership;” ■ Forced African Americans to work on farms or as servants. They also prevented African Americans from owning guns , holding public meetings , or renting property in cities.

Voting Rights ■ Other laws were passed to keep blacks from voting. ■ One law said former slaves had to pay a tax to vote. It was called a poll tax. ■ Laws were passed that allowed a person to skip literacy tests or poll taxes if their grandfather had voted. These laws were called the Grandfather Clause.

Radical Republicans ■ The Black Codes angered many Republicans for erasing the results of the Civil War. ■ The Radical Republicans wanted the South to protect the Freedmen before they could be readmitted to the Union. They were angry at President Johnson for readmitting the South so easily. ■ They believed that the Freedmen would be the loyal Americans of the South. ■ They wanted (perhaps selfishly) to establish the Republican party in the former CSA states.

African-American troops from the Civil War provided protection during Reconstruction

54 th Mass: The original “Glory Roaders”

Radical Republicans’ Response to the Black Codes ■ The 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship to all people born or naturalized within the U.S. except for the Indians. ■ It said that state governments could not “ deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” ■ Ratified in 1868

Checks and Balances + Separation of Powers in the US Constitution ■ Congress can override a Presidential veto with 2/3 majority in the House of Representatives and the Senate. ■ The House of Representatives can impeach the President and the Senate votes on his innocence or guilt. ■ (Benchmark example: The President negotiates treaties and appoints Supreme Court Justices but the Senate has to approve them.)

President Johnson, The Radical Republicans, and Impeachment ■ Congress was angry at President Johnson for trying to block their Reconstruction policies . So Congress impeached Johnson. ■ Impeachment is the process of charging a public official with a crime. ■ The next step was to try the President in the Senate. ■ By a single vote, Republicans failed to convict Johnson.

Ku Klux Klan ( White Supremacy ) ■ The KKK was a secret society opposed to African Americans obtaining civil rights , particularly the right to vote . ■ The KKK used violence and intimidation to prevent the Freedmen from using their rights. ■ Klan members wore white robes and hoods to hide their identities. ■ The Klan and other white Supremacists murdered over 50,000 African-Americans between 1863- 1890.

1869 towards Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Radical Reconstruction 1867-76 ■ The Union Army occupied the South and helped register the Freedmen to vote and oversaw elections for state constitutional conventions. ■ These new conventions provided for Freedmen civil rights, public schools , and ratified the 14 th Amendment. ■ Military commanders had the power to enforce martial law and dismiss local sheriffs and judges who did not prosecute whites who terrorized the Freedmen.

■ 1870 NC Kirk-Holden War – Governor Holden declared martial law to stop the KKK in the Piedmont. The violence was stopped but Gov. Holden became the 1 st US Governor to be removed from office by impeachment. ■ NC had no public schools before the war Kirk-Holden War and over 30% of whites NC 1870 were illiterate with over 70% of the Freedmen.

15th Amendment ■ The 15th Amendment gave African American men the right to vote in 1870. ■ Women’s rights activists were angry because the amendment did not also grant women the right to vote.

Over 1500 Freedmen were elected during Reconstruction

The End of Reconstruction Presidential Election of 1876 results in disputed votes. The Democrats agreed not to block Republican Hayes’ victory on the condition that Republicans withdraw all federal troops from the South. As a result of the so-called Compromise of 1877 (or 1876), all remaining US troops are withdrawn and they will not act to protect the civil rights of Freedmen anymore. Most Freedmen and poor whites are reduced to sharecropping and poverty .

Crash Course #22 Reconstruction annotated https://nerdfighteria.info/v/nowsS7pMApI ■ Black Leaders During Reconstruction http://www.history.com/topics/american- civil-war/black-leaders-during- reconstruction ■ PBS Reconstruction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJL BrDSTgng