2/2/2014 Psychometric Reanalysis of Happiness, Temperament, and - PDF document

2/2/2014 Psychometric Reanalysis of Happiness, Temperament, and Spirituality Scales with Children in Faith-Based Elementary Schools Research Presentation Richard E. Cleveland Georgia Southern University Monday February 3 rd , 2014 Room1100-J Materials & Handouts available at: http://richardcleveland.me/ Outline • Background • Dissertation Research • Application • Questions Helping Students Flourish • Resiliency  Positive Psychology (Lopez et al., 2009) • Spirituality  Professional recognition (ACA, ASCA, CACREP)  Conceptualizing Spirituality ▫ Internal & Possibly Secular (Noddings, 2006) ▫ Religious (Fowler, 1981) ▫ constructivist (Phillips, 1995) • Spirituality & General Well-Being  Developmental/Psychological (Kim & Esquivel, 2011) 1

2/2/2014 Holder, Coleman & Wallace (2010) • Correlations between Spirituality, Religiosity & Happiness in Children ▫ 3 Happiness (FACES, OHQ-SF, SHS) ▫ 1 Spirituality (SWBQ) ▫ 1 Religiosity (PBS) ▫ 1 Temperament (EAS) • Spirituality, but not Religiosity, correlated to Happiness But What About Children? • Instruments Created/Administered with Adult Samples  Dissimilar samples  Developmental level of item wording  Exploratory Factor Analysis Guiding Questions • Revisiting Holder, Coleman & Wallace (2010) • Guiding Questions: ▫ Are the instruments psychometrically sound? ▫ Are the derived factors similar to the original theorized structures? 2

2/2/2014 Sample ES1 ES2 n n N Gender • 2 ES Schools Male 110 105 215 • Classroom teacher administration Female 118 95 213 • Return rate approx. 92% Missing 2 7 9 Total 230 207 437 Grade Level 4 th Grade 71 62 133 5 th Grade 62 75 137 6 th Grade 94 70 164 Missing 3 0 3 Total 230 207 437 • The FACES Scale (FACES) • Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form (OHQ-SF) • Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) • Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ) • Practices & Beliefs Scale – Behaviors (PBS-B) • Emotionality Activity and Sociability Temperament Survey (EAS) Methodology • Aggregated Dataset ▫ Descriptive Statistics • Instruments ▫ Descriptive Statistics ▫ Reliability & Factorial Validity ▫ Exploratory Factor Analysis (PAF) 3

2/2/2014 Skewness & Kurtosis • EFA Parameters ▫ Skewness <│2│ ▫ Kurtosis <│7│ (Fabrigar & Wegener, 2012) SWBQ Item #06 “ I worship God .” Parallel Analysis • Determining the appropriate number of factors ▫ Random data generated in a parallel (similar) model ▫ Non trivial components in the model influence both raw & random data ▫ Eigenvalues: Raw > Random ▫ SPSS Syntax O’Connor (2000) (Fabrigar & Wegener, 2012; Fabrigar, Wegener, MacCallum, & Strahan, 1999; Hayton, Allen, & Scarpello, 2004; O’Connor, 2000) Results % of Ratings Within Categories of FACES Scale Holder et Dissertation al. (2010) FACES Scale Very Unhappy .23 .00 (Andrews & Withey, 1976) Unhappy 1.83 .00 Somewhat Unhappy 3.21 3.00 • Likert-type Scale Neutral 13.30 7.00 • 7 facial drawings Somewhat Happy 29.82 19.00 • Limited Happy 37.16 47.00 Very Happy 14.45 24.00 4

2/2/2014 Results Factor Loadings (PBS-B) Item Factor Item 2: I pray or meditate .61 PBS-B Item 3: I read religious books .53 (Holder et al., 2010) Item 1: I go to a place of worship .45 • Indices of sampling adequacy • EFA (PAF) no rotation Eigenvalue .86 • Scree Plot & Parallel Analysis % of Variance 28.74 Cronbach’s Alpha .54 • Support theorized unidimensionality • Less than adequate Results Factor Loadings (OHQ-SF) Item Factor Item 3: comfortable with my life .75 OHQ-SF Item 1: happy with way I am .73 (Hills & Argyle, 2002) Item 2: life is rewarding .67 • Indices of sampling adequacy Item 6: time to do what I enjoy .54 • EFA (PAF) no rotation Item 8: happy memories of the past .53 • Scree Plot & Parallel Analysis Item 5: see beauty around me .50 Item 4: think I look attractive .47 • Support theorized Item 7: pay attention .35 unidimensionality • Reasonable Eigenvalue 2.72 % of Variance 33.95 Cronbach’s Alpha .79 Results Factor Loadings (SHS) Item Factor Item 1: usually happy .78 SHS Item 2: happier than most kids .76 (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) Item 3: enjoy life most of time .59 • Indices of sampling adequacy Item 4: want to be happier .12 • EFA (PAF) no rotation • Scree Plot & Parallel Analysis Eigenvalue 1.55 % of Variance 38.69 • Support theorized Cronbach’s Alpha .60 unidimensionality • Reasonable 5

2/2/2014 Results Factor Inter-Correlation Matrix (SWBQ) Factor 1(C) 2(E) 3(T) 4(P) 1(C) .40 -.48 .54 SWBQ 2(E) -.23 .41 (Gomez & Fisher, 2003) 3(T) -.34 • Indices of sampling 4(P) adequacy • EFA (PAF) oblimin rotation Eigenvalue 6.39 2.26 1.19 .46 • Scree Plot & Parallel 31.93 11.27 5.96 2.31 % of Variance Analysis Cronbach’s Alpha .77 .88 .86 .70 • Support theorized 4 Note . C = Communal; E = Environmental; T = Transcendental; P = Personal. dimensional model Factor Loadings (SWBQ) Item 1 (C) 2 (E) 3 (T) 4 (P) h 2 Item 19: I am kind to other people (C) .83 .68 Item 17: I respect other people (C) .76 -.13 -.10 .60 Item 8: I trust other people (C) .49 .13 .26 Item 1: I love other people (C) .42 .11 .24 .25 Item 3: I forgive other people (C) .42 .11 -.20 .23 Item 10: I like being in nature (E) .91 -.13 .85 Item 4: I enjoy nature (E) .91 -.12 .84 Item 12: I feel peaceful in nature (E) .69 .47 Item 20: I feel special in nature (E) .66 .12 .45 Item 7: I feel joyous when I am outside (E) .51 .28 .33 Item 11: I feel close to God (T) -.96 .91 Item: 2: I feel close to God (T) -.93 .86 Item 6: I worship God (T) -.77 .59 Item 15: I pray (T) .13 -.57 .35 Item 13: I am at peace with God (T) -.57 .21 .36 Item 14: I am joyful (P) .29 .45 .29 Item 18: I have meaning in life (P) .44 .21 Item 5: I really know myself (P) .40 .18 Item 16: I am peaceful (P) .34 .39 .26 Item 9: I leave about myself (P) .18 .33 .14 Note . Loadings > .40 are in bold and underlined. Delta = 0.00; Loadings < .10 are omitted; C = Communal; E = Environmental; T = Transcendental; P = Personal. Results Factor % Variance (SWBQ) % of Cronbach’s Factor Eigenvalue Variance Alpha SWBQ Communal 6.39 31.93 .77 (Gomez & Fisher, 2003) Environmental 2.26 11.27 .88 Transcendental 1.19 5.96 .86 • Indices of sampling Personal .46 2.31 .70 adequacy • EFA (PAF) oblimin rotation • Scree Plot & Parallel Analysis • Support theorized 4 dimensional model • Adequate 6

2/2/2014 Results Factor Inter-Correlation Matrix (EAS) Factor 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 .19 -.06 .43 -.31 -.16 EAS 2 .12 .21 .06 -.36 (Buss & Plomin, 1984) 3 -.14 .02 -.24 • Indices of sampling 4 -.30 -.06 adequacy 5 .01 • EFA (PAF) oblimin 6 rotation Eigenvalue 4.43 1.65 .98 .83 .59 .41 • Scree Plot & Parallel % of Variance 22.14 8.25 4.90 4.16 2.95 2.04 Analysis Factor Loadings (EAS – Initial Rotated Extraction) Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 h 2 Item 16R: I get upset easily (ED) .78 .60 Item 8R: I get angry easily (EA) .77 .60 Item 18: It takes a lot to upset me (EA) .64 .40 Item 13R: I get annoyed easily (EA) .51 .26 Item 1: I like to be with people (S) .79 .63 Item 15: I like to work with other people (S) .69 .47 Item 20: I would rather spend time with people than do anything else (S) .43 .18 Item 10: I am always doing things (A) .56 .32 Item 2: I usually seem to be in a hurry (A) .53 .28 Item 7: I like to be busy (A) .00 Item 11R: I feel nervous about things that happen every day (ED) .72 .52 Item 4R: I am usually stressed (ED) .53 .28 Item 6R: I often feel alone (S) .52 .27 Item 9R: I feel frustrated a lot (ED) .49 .50 .48 Item 12: I usually feel confident (EF) .40 .16 Item 3R: I am easily frightened (EF) -.70 .48 Item 14R: I panic when I get scared (EF) -.55 .30 Item 19: I only have a few fears (EF) -.54 .29 Item 5: I let people know when I am unhappy (EA) -.48 .23 Item 17: I have a lot of energy (A) -.33 .11 Note . R = reverse-coded item; EA = Emotionality: Anger; ED = Emotionality: Distress; EF = Emotionality: Fearfulness; A = Activity; S = Sociability; Loadings > .40 are in bold and underlined; PAF delta = 0.00; loadings < .10 are omitted. Results Factor Inter-Correlation Matrix (EAS) Delta Value r -.20 .05 EAS .00 .05 (Buss & Plomin, 1984) .20 .06 • Scree Plot & Parallel .40 .06 Analysis suggest 2-factor .60 .08 model .80 .24 • Oblimin delta increased for parsimonious solution 7