The Role of Treatment Wetlands in Resource Oriented, Small Sanitation Systems Dr. Fabio Masi, PhD
CW systems: a complex equilibrium Molle (2012)
1950’ties: Dr Käthe Seidel Wetland plants are capable of removing large quantities of inorganic and organic substances from polluted water 1970ties: Prof. Dr. R. Kickuth: WurzelRaumEntzorgung = The Root Zone Method
(Stefanakis, 2014)
(Stefanakis et al., 2014)
Basic configurations
(HEADLEY & FONDER, 2010)
Several thousands CW systems in operation around the world
Application Fields 1 POINT SOURCE POLLUTION: Secondary treatment of: - domestic WW - municipal WW
Application Fields 2 POINT SOURCE POLLUTION: Secondary treatment of: - domestic WW - municipal WW - industrial WW
Application Fields 3 POINT SOURCE POLLUTION: Secondary treatment of : - domestic - municipal - industrial -Tertiary treatment as polishing stage in conventional treatments plants
Application Fields 4 DIFFUSE POLLUTION: Agricultural Runoff Urban Runoff Highway Runoff Airports Runoff Polluted Surface Waters and Growndwaters
Application Fields 5 PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS: - Landfill leachate - Sludge dewatering and mineralisation
Creative Design 1 2 3 5 2 4 2 3 4 5 8 3 4 1 Distribu 2 Vertical- 3 Subsurfa
17 Source: GIZ - SuSaNa
Source: flores.unu.edu
In a circular, sustainable water management Constructed Wetlands will play a key role, even more than presently. Given the predicted modifications of the entire water management some adaptations will be necessary, requesting research and development of new types and new applications of wetlands: • as effective effluent factories, • in urban landscaping, including plants choice, • integration into buildings, • hygienisation of water and breakdown of organic trace pollutants.
Use of CWs for wastewater treatment CW configuration SFCW 100 91% 88% 80 Removal efficiency (%) VFCW 65% 60 HFCW (0.5 m) VFCW 40 SFCW 20 HFCW 0 d n n n n c e e e d e e e i e e e e a n n t i n d d c c a f f f x n i i o i i a e p a l l o o o n o a o e z f r r r e o c c x n r f f n p p p a p o z m i i a e o l u u u m a i a l C l c c b T b b b s a m N y i a a y I I I D G l - - n x a j a H A o n O b S r O C i r d c a y o C h r d i d y -CWs working under aerobic conditions are more efficient. H l y h t e -SFCW configuration is the most efficient due to the M occurrence of different removal processes (biodegradation, adsorption and photodegradation)
Use of CWs for water reuse SFCW vs. conventional tertiary treatment (Spain) 100 Natural Removal efficiency (%) 80 (75%) 60 40 Convencional vs. (30%) 20 0 hydrocinnamic acid benzothiazole benzothiazole, 2-(methylthio)- dimethyl phthalate methyl dihydrojasmonate cashmeran tributyl phosphate tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate ibuprofen celestolide diazinone caffeine galaxolide carbamazepine tonalide terbutrin naproxen Oxybenzone triclosan ketoprofen diclofenac furosemide Empuriabrava WWTP. 35,000 PE Blanes WWTP. Polishing ponds+ SFCW 110,000 PE (HRT=7-15 days) Flocculation, Total surface area = 7 ha lamella clarifier, sand filter, UV reactor, chlorination (HRT=6-8 h) Matamoros , V., Salvadó, V. 2013 Journal of Environmental Management, 117, pp. 96 -102.. Matamoros , V., et al. 2012 Bioresource Technology, 104, pp. 243-249.
Concentration (ng/L) Concentration (ng/L) 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 0 0 Galaxolide Galaxolide Carbamazepine Carbamazepine >90% attenuation Caffeine Caffeine Tonalide Tonalide Ketoprofen Ketoprofen Methyl dihydrojasmonate Methyl dihydrojasmonate Oxybenzone Oxybenzone Use of CWs for aquifer recharge Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate Dimethyl phthalate Diclofenac Dimethyl phthalate Diclofenac Furosemide Furosemide Cashmeran Cashmeran Benzothiazole, 2-(methylthio)- Benzothiazole, 2-(methylthio)- Naproxen Naproxen Matamoros V, Salvadó V (2013). J. Environ. Manage. 117, 96 -102 well Recharge basin (CW)-Extraction Terbutrin Terbutrin Ibuprofen Ibuprofen Benzothiazole Benzothiazole Tributyl phosphate Tributyl phosphate p-tert-Octylphenol p-tert-Octylphenol WWTP effluent Triclosan Triclosan Diazinone Diazinone Celestolide Celestolide Bisphenol A Bisphenol A
-The attenuation of CEC in CWs depends on different factors (CW configuration, clogging, surface area, presence of plants, seasonality, sorption material … ). -The use of Hybrid CWs improves attenution of CEC from wastewater -CWs used as tertiary treatment technology are able to remove CEC more efficiently than conventional tertiary systems -Reed bed sludge systems, restored wetlands, recharge basins and buffer strips are useful for attenuating the discharge of CEC into the aquatic environment. -The presence of vegetation enhances the attenuation of CEC.
The new approach needs multi-disciplinary approach, i.e. the readiness for cooperation: • reuse of nutrients needs the contribution of agronomists, • integration in and on houses is a task with architects and interior designers, • urban planners and traffic experts need to work at urban fabric integration, • climatologists have to prove the benefits in terms of heat island mitigation, • biodiversity optimisation with habitat and species biodiversity experts, • economic feasibility and benefits, • sociologists have to prepare the field for acceptance and provide participatory planning approaches.
WATER SAVING – GREYWATER RECYCLING INDOOR TWs ROOF WETLANDS John Deere tractor factory, Mannheim, Germany San Francisco Public Utilities Commission: l«Living Machine» GREEN WALLS 25 Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (PUNE) Tarragona, Tabacalera: post-treatment + reuse for VERTICAL GARDEN FOR GW TREATMENT, FP7 Nawatech gardening
Treatment and reuse of parking lots runoff and domestic greywater
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems / Water Sensitive Urban Design / Blue Green Dream
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR CSO ONSITE TREATMENT – AN OPTION FOR URBAN WATER PARKS WWTP BYPASS (CSO) TREATMENT MERONE (120.000 P.E.) and CARIMATE (80.000 P.E.) 9.000 m 2 4.000 m 2 VF VF AERATed FWS 5.500 m 2 FWS 1.500 m 2 515.000 m 3 (58% tot) 564.000 m 3 (40% tot) Treated Volume Treated Volume 28 Efficiency 60 t/anno (60% tot Efficiency 141 t/year(64% tot
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