Wastewater Production, Treatment, and Use in China Keqiang ZHANG - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Wastewater Production, Treatment, and Use in China Keqiang ZHANG Professor, Ph.D tutor, Division Director Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MOA (AEPI) March 2013

      Outline Wastewater production and treatment Wastewater use and disposal Regulations/implementation of national guidelines Future challenges Current approach of the government related to wastewater management Possible solutions to make use of wastewater safer and productive

Water affairs in our life River Tap-water plant Rainfall Sewage treatment plant Receiving water body Sewage pipe City network Groundwater Rural water utilization Municipal and industrial water utilization

Sewage source Household • Domestic sewage Public place Hospital (in disinfection and pre-treatment) • Industrial sewage (in pretreatment discharge up to the standard) • Industrial wastewater • Initial rainwater (uncollected)

  Wastewater production and treatment Production Industrial source: 73.833 billion m 3 /year Municipal source: 34.330 billion m 3 /year ( 1 st National Pollutant Source Census Bulletin , 2010) habitat or tomb? Fashion poison Municipal wastewater Textile industrial wastewater drainage, Greenpeace, 2007 discharge, Greenpeace, 2012

Discharge and Treatment of Wastewater 1 ． Total Discharge of Wastewater （ billion ton ） 61.73 Among ： Industrial Wastewater Discharge 23.75 Urban Sewage Discharge 37.98 2 ． total COD Discharge （ million ton ） 12.38 Among ： Industrial COD Discharge 4.35 Urban Living COD Emission 8.03 3 ． Total Ammonia Nitrogen Emissions （ million ton ） 1.20 Among ： Industrial Ammonia Emissions 0.27 Urban Domestic Ammonia emissions 0.93 4 ． Industrial Wastewater Standard-Reaching Discharge Rate 95.3 （ % ） 5 ． Recycling Rate of Industrial Wastewater （ % ） 85.7 6 ． Treatment Rate of Urban Sewage （ % ） 82.3 7 ． Treatment Rate of Urban Domestic Wastewater （ % ） 72.9 From 2010 Environment Bulletin

   Treatment Physical, chemical, biological ways Regular approaches Bio-chemical approaches Physical-chemical processes Media filtration Advanced measures Bio-film adsorption Photo-catalytic oxidation Chlorination Disinfection Ultraviolet Ozone

A/0, 5.50% BAF, 4.30% SBR, 14.70% A/A/O, 16.80% Physicochemical+ biochemistry, 1.90% activated sludge secondary treatment, process, biochemical 1.20% 17.90% Oxidation ditch, 33.10% others, 4.60% from the statistical data on national sewage treatment facility put into service by 2009 .

Wastewater Treatment Equipment

Wastewater use and/or disposal The history, including 3 stages, of wastewater irrigation in China began in 1956, and the wastewater irrigating facilities were built since 1957. I 1956-1965 ： Wastewater irrigation could increase water and fertilizer resource, and this irrigating method should be Vigorously promoted; II 1965-1975 ： People start to doubt the pollutions from wastewater irrigation, but the area was still Extending. III 1975-about 1998 ： Wastewater irrigation had a violent development. The area were Increased to 3.618 million ha in1998.

Sewage recycling Municipal Sewage sewage Ground- treatment Urban recycling water plant water plant irrigation Agriculture landscape Industry Municipal Life administration and gardening

The wastewater irrigation area are mainly distributed in the Yellow river basin, the Liao river basin, the Hai river basin and the Huai river basin, accounted for above 90%. There are 5 relatively large wastewater irrigation areas in China, and that is Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang and Fushun, Shanxi and Xinjiang Shihezi. Xinjiang Shihezi Beijing Shenyang/Fushun Tianjin Shanxi

Harms from wastewater irrigation To soil: The physicochemical properties change of soil, such as Soil compaction, worse soil permeability, and secondary soil salinization and sodification. secondly serious organic matter and heavy metal pollution. To crops: Heavy metal content exceed the standard, yields and quality decline. The crops yields of Shenyang and Fushun wastewater irrigation area were reduced by 11,250-22,500kg/hm 2 in recent years, compared to contrast area. To ground water: The major pollutants exceed the standard were total hardness, nitride, sulfate, total bacteria and e. coli. Resource: China's Farmland Sewage Irrigation Development and Its Impact on Crop Research by Huang Chunguo.

 •  •  Regulations and implementation of guidelines Official regulation Technology and Policy of Municipal Sewage Treatment and Pollution Prevention and Control — Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 2000 Covered: environmental protection, resource conservation and recycling, industrial sustainable development, biological and ecological security and healthy, etc. National guidelines Guideline of Urban Sewage Treatment and Pollution Prevention and Control Technology — Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 2001 The Urban Sewage Recycling Technology Guide — General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), 2012

      National Standards Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB 5084-92) The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water-Water Quality Standard for Scenic Environment Use (GB/T18921-2002) The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water-Water Quality Standard for Industrial Uses (GB/T 19923-2005) The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water-Quality of Farmland Irrigation Water (GB 20922-2007) Technology Code for Municipal Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture (GB/T 22103-2008) … …

Implementation of guidelines Available management on the water resource (Zhejiang province, Baidu) Publicity Poster (MWR, 2010) Publications

           Challenges In Technical Save the electricity and heat energy & Lower the consumption GHG reduction during the course of wastewater treatment Available approach about sludge treatment and recycling Where is the reclaimed wastewater going? In policy Support of advanced technologies and processes in the sludge treatment and recycling Improvement of market adjustment mechanism In administration Reinforcement of monitoring and management power Feasible implementation of corresponding regulations

Energy consumption status analysis of the sewage treatment E.g.: Specific power consumption distribution in the municipal sewage treatment plant (Dongfang LIU, 2010) Power consumption in some plants Consumption Scale (10 4 t) Grade Note (kW.h) 1.2 2 0.218 Without Anaerobic 2 2 0.232 digestion 4.5-5 2 0.335 1.4 2 0.255 With digestion Power consumption from the sewage treatment accounts for 50%-80% of the total amount while the sludge treatment only accounts for 15%-40%. Sewage treatment is the key for the energy conservation.

Energy consumption analysis of treatment process Analysis of sewage treatment/energy consumption pollution  The energy consumption for 1.0kg BOD elimination is 0.5kW.h.  Pollutants emission from our national power plants is nearly to 7.23kg/kW.h.  1.0kg BOD elimination will induce to 3.61kg pollutants emission (1.2kg wastewater and 0.37kg sludge)  Sewage treatment is the industry with high consumption and high contamination. (Dongfang LIU, 2010)

   Government’s approach to wastewater management Focal point transformation Sewage treatment pond Producing source Requirement for the sludge disposal and treatment will be gradually raised. Pertinent policy and criteria are going to be improved in light of the aim “ energy conservation and emission reduction ” . E.g.: Environmental/ecological/green taxation set-up

Possible solutions Since about 2000, the government of China did not promote Wastewater irrigation on farmland. However state and local governments still support some research projects on reclaimed water irrigation (basically meet Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB 5084-2005) )

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