utilization for bioenergy; Government College University Pakistans - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Muhammad Aamer Mehmood Ph.D. (QAU), Post-Doc (SJTU) Associate Professor Biomass production and its Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology utilization for bioenergy; Government College University Pakistan’s perspective Faisalabad Visiting Professor School of Bioengineering 12 th Symposium: “Bioeconomy and Engineering Nexus” Sichuan University of Science & March 2, 2019 Engineering, China At Movenpick Hotel, Karachi E-mail: draamer@gcuf.edu.pk Organized by Pakistan Academy of Engineering

Pakistan’s Consumption Rate (Giga Watt) 474 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 16 0 2010 2050 Energy Consumption; Global scenario

120,000 Tera Watts Every year!

Pakistan receives 0.55-1.0 Mega Watt/m 2 /year Adnan et al., 2012. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 4(3); 032701

Do you think that Energy availability is a problem?

How to store, retrieve and utilize it in cost, energy and environment efficient manner?

Photovoltaic Photosynthetic storage storage into Li-Ion into Biomass batteries

Li-ion storage • Lower storage capacity • Higher cost • Easy Retrieval Photosynthetic storage • 58-90 Folds higher storage • Variable cost • Variable Retrieval Liao et al., 2016 , Nature Microbiology; doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.32

Biomass can be considered as one of the most promising foreseeable resources to fuel the future Keeping in view the Pakistani scenario

, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aibe.2016.12.001 Mehm ehmood od et t al., ., 2017, , Ad Advan vances in Energy,

Nature of Biomass Mehmood et al., 2017, Advances in Energy, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aibe.2016.12.001

Biological Fermentation ➢ Recalcitrance nature of biomass (lignin) ➢ Requires pretreatment (Acid, base, steam-explosion etc) ➢ Pretreatment release inhibitors-which interferes with saccharification and fermentation in Energy, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aibe.2016.12.001 Mehmood et t al., l., 2017, , Adva vances in

Fermentation; Challenges Low yield due to; • Ethanol stress • Osmotic stress • Inhibitors stress Expensive due to • Higher pretreatment costs • Low yield

Pyrolysis is an alternative option!

Pyrolysis • Thermochemical decomposition of biomass into solid, liquids and gaseous products at 300-900 ° C under inert environment. • Efficient and the fastest method to utilize biological resources to produce energy, biooil, syn-gases, and biochar • The product formation depends on; • Chemical composition of the biomass • Particle size of the biomass • Pyrolysis conditions (temperature, heating rate, residence time)

Biomass sources in Pakistan?

Where to produce the huge amount of required biomass?

Marginal lands can be exploited to grow adapted grasses to produce the required biomass

Marginal lands are unfit for agriculture 1 2 3 Low-profitability in Poor soil Poor or non- terms of structure, availability input/output unfavorable irrigation systems balance climatic conditions

Marginal lands in Pakistan 1 2 3 Pakistan has ~9.0 Several perennial Before we million hectares grasses are harness their of salt-affected adapted to these potential, we soil soils need to evaluate

Grasses adapted to marginal lands of Pakistan Yield of grass (Kg ha -1 ) Local name of grass Scientific name Para grass Urochloa mutica 57,000 Elephant grass Permisetum purpureum 38,000 Mott grass Pennesetum benthiumo 199,200 Carrot grass Parthenium hysterophorus 55000 Babui grass Eulaliopsis binate 1400 Camel grass Cymbopogon schoenanthus 1400 Cattail Typha latifolia 760 Egyptian grass 11100 Dactyloctenium aegyptium

Agronomic properties of the grasses Local name of grass Characterization Para grass Invasive, fast growth Elephant grass Fast growth, Tall Mott grass Palatable, tall, broad leaves Carrot grass Fast growth, seed longevity, drought tolerance Babui grass Invasive, fast growth, drought tolerance Camel grass Adaptability, High growth capacity, adverse species, long, broad leaves Cattail High productivity, the longevity of seeds, can spread through the air. Egyptian grass Invasive, high productivity, rapid growth

Volatile content Grasses Moisture (%) Volatile Matter (%) Ash (%) Para grass 7.23 ± 0.18 79.45 ± 0.05 9.20 ± 0.06 Cattail grass 6.69 ± 0.18 71.30 ± 0.55 8.8 ± 0.19 Carrot grass 7.66 ± 0.15 69.03 ± 0.75 5.41 ± 0.08 Mott grass 5.83 ± 0.15 70.03 ± 0.53 3.18 ± 0.17 6.99 ± 0.18 71.04 ± 0.67 4.22 ± 0.14 Egyptian grass Babui grass 7.33 ± 0.15 82.62 ± 0.19 5.72 ± 0.21 Camel grass 6.33 ± 0.15 82.67 ± 0.13 6.31± 0.39 Elephant grass 5.33 ± 0.15 80.13 ± 0.02 4.32 ± 0.34 23

2 0 1 5 H H V (M J /k g ) Energy potential 1 0 based on High Heating Values 5 0 C a tta il E g y p tia n C a m e l C a rro t B a b u i E le p h a n t P a ra M o tt Ahmad et al., 2017. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2017. 30:1237 – 1247. Mehmood et al, 2017. Bioresource Technology, 2017. 228: 18-24. Ahmad et al., 2017. Bioresource Technology, G ra s s e s 2017. 224: 708-713

Established bioenergy crops Biomass Energy Yield Crop Nature, adapted climate Potential characteristics References potential (tons ha -1 y -1 ) 41.85 Bamboo One of the fastest-growing plants, alcoholic & perennial, adapted to moderately acidic (Kuehl, 2015; V. Mishra, 2015; 40-50 loamy soils, warm humid environment GJ ha -1 ( Bamboosa balcooa ) Mullet et al., 2014) phenolic compounds Cardoon ( Cynara 138 artichoke oil, feedstock for the first bio-refinery and Perennial, adapted to high temperature (Francaviglia et al., 2016; 7.4 -14.6 cardunculus ) and low rainfall GJ ha -1 Mauromicale et al., 2014) biodiesel perennial, adapted to 233-245 Eucalyptus Source of essential oils, phenolic compounds, (Eijck et al., 2012; Van Der Hilst temperate, tropical and subtropical poor 20 GJ ha −1 ( Eucalyptus obliqua ) & Faaij, 2012) medicinal compounds, fast growing soils Perennial, adapted to 2281 Giant reed Resistant to drought, used in dissolving pulp, 36 (o Di Nasso et al., 2013) CH 4 kg -1 Mediterranean environment ( Arundo donax L.) durable yields, impressive bioenergy feedstock 92 Poplar Circumpolar subarctic and cool biofuels, carbon mitigation potential, and fast 6-15.8 (Saha & Eckelman, 2015) TW h -1 ( Populus tremula ) temperate growing Perennial, adapted to Reed canarygrass (Lord, 2015; Pociene et al., 2013; temperate regions, wet-soils, colder 97 GJ ha −1 15 drought-tolerant, phytoremediation, sources of drugs ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) Sanderson & Adler, 2008) climatic, flood plains Perennial, adaptive to versatile growth Switchgrass 60 ethanol, butanol, biogas production, thermal energy, (o Di Nasso et al., 2015; Schmer conditions, 1-22 GJ ha -1 ( Panicum virgatum L.) et al., 2008{Gabrielle, 2014 #568) phytoremediation, drought, and flooding tolerant C4-pathway Perennial, native to sandy or rocky river 219.5 Virginia mallow source of food & nectar for honeybee rearing, the (Borkowska et al., 2009; shores, temperate 25 9-20 GJ ha -1 ( Sida hermaphrodita ) Franzaring et al., 2014) potential for bioenergy production

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 International Local grasses 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 established energy crops 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 E n e rg y (k w h ) 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comparative 8 0 0 0 0 0 Energy 6 0 0 0 0 0 potential 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 n s t a t t n a n o t a s r o d o r a a i a i o t r M h r S P p a d g p y C r h e g a c l C E E t i w S G ra s s e s

What we need to do?

21 Universities from Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, UK, Argentina, Belgium, Ireland, China and India Optimization of perennial grasses for biomass production (OPTIMA, 2011- 2015)

Project activities of OPTIMA 01 02 03 04 05 06 Plant physiology Characterization Optimization of Farm scale Energy products Environmental & plant of grasses to agricultural productivity of and plant-derived studies on biotechnology European practices selected grasses bio-materials perennial grasses conditions on marginal lands

• Feedstock development • Sustainable feedstock production systems • Feedstock logistics CenUSA; Sustainable • System performance production & • Feedstock conversion/refining distribution of • Markets and distribution bioenergy for the • Health and safety Central USA • Education • Outreach & extension

Summary Grasses produced on Biomass is the resource to Pakistani marginal lands offer low-cost biomass for fuel the future bioenergy We need to launch Evaluating its bioenergy nationwide projects for the potential will lead to sustainable production of establish to pyrolysis plants biomass

My research team at GCUF

Our focus Algal biomass production Biomass to bioenergy using city wastewater as conversion low-cost growth media Identification of stress- Stress manipulation to responsive molecular enhance the algal mechanisms in microalgae metabolite content using OMICs

Thanks for your patience Thanks to PAE, and Thanks to HEC, IF IFS, COMSTECH-TWAS, NSFC