Impact of Energy Crops , Logist EC, Brussels, 2 Dec 2014 Integration of environmental criteria Annika Henriksson
My y background: agricult lture, , sali lix, , harvestin ing, g, bio iomass sale les, , machinery ry • MSc Agric, SLU, Uppsala • Partner in HSAB, family-owned business headquartered in Sweden, one of the Swedish pioneers • Partner also in • Salixenergi Europa AB, Sweden • SIA Latsalix, Latvia • In 1991 HSAB introduced the first operational Salix harvester • In 1994 HSAB introduced the billet planting method • HSAB constructs head for direct chipping with forage harvester, export to England, Denmark, Germany, Poland , Latvia, Ukraine • Project leader of the largest salix planting project in Europe sofar, >1000 ha planted for one company • Also: crop advisor, environmental consultant 2
Participate in EU-project ROKWOOD together with: 20 partners from 7 countries Duration: 36 Months (1.12.2012 – 30.11.2015)
1 ha Salix: • Direct use for heat production only: 45 MWh/ha/yr • CHP + condensation: 80 MWh/ha/yr 1 ha Best energy efficiency of all agricultural energy crops
Energy sources for dis istrict heatin ing in in Sweden 1970 -2011
Salix is an agricultural crop… ….which can be grown on marginal agricultural land
Even on marginal land it can produce a good yield compared with annual crops = a large potential for efficient production for biomass for heat, electricity, biofuel
In In Sweden: used for heat/CHP, , 2-300 MW Not for biofuel yet
Biofuels – sustainability schemes • Biofuels have to comply with sustainability criteria: • prevent the conversion of areas of high biodiversity and high carbon stock for the production of raw materials for biofuels. • The entire biofuels' production and supply chain has to be sustainable. • The sustainability of biofuels needs to be checked by Member States or through voluntary schemes which have been approved by the European Commission. • To date: 19 recognized schemes: • out of which 9 are for a wide range of feed stocks • the rest for specific crops, (maize, cane, oil seed rape, soy, wheat etc) • To date: salix is not used for biofuels – no scheme is applied - to my knowledge • We do not use it yet but I checked one scheme: • International sustainability and carbon certification- ISCC
ISCC 202 Sustainability Requirements for the Production of Biomass Five principles: 1. Biomass shall not be produced on land with high biodiversity value or high carbon stock. HCV areas shall be protected. 2. Biomass shall be produced in an environmentally responsible way. This includes the protection of soil, water and air and the application of Good Agricultural Practices 3. Safe working conditions = normal agriculture 4. Not violate human rights = normal agriculture 5. Compliance with legislation = normal agriculture
PRIN INCIPLE 1: : Bio Biomass sh shall ll not t be produced on lan land with ith hig igh bio iodiv iversit ity valu lue or r hig igh carb rbon stock. HCV CV areas sh shall ll be protected. • Biomass is not produced on: • land with high biodiversity value • Natural forest land, • land designated for nature protection, • areas for protection of endangered species • This is not limiting
PRIN INCIPLE 1 cont …. • highly biodiverse grassland • Natural grassland – OK, not suitable for SRC anyway • Highly biodiverse grassland, as stated in the RED, has not yet been fully defined by the EC. • Until definitions, criteria and geographic areas featuring grassland with high biodiversity are determined by the Commission, any conversion of grassland in or after January 2008 is prohibited within the ISCC system. • This can be a problem, at least until definitions are ready!
Environmental changes when perennial energy crops (salix/ reed canary grass) replace annual food crops,…… 1 Changed environmental impact Average quantitative Max proportion impact of total arable land (%) Accumulation of soil C in mineral soils 0,5 tonne C/ha/yr 55 Reduced CO 2 emission from organic soils 7 tonne C/ha/yr 5,0 Reduced N 2 O emissions from mineral soils 0,04 C-equiv/ha/yr 55 Reduced N-leaching in general 10 kg N/ha/yr 60 Reduced N-leaching through buffer strips 70 kg N/ha/yr 2,6 Reduced P-leaching through buffer strips 1,5 kg P/ha/yr 3,7 Cadmium removal 6 g Cd/ha/yr 92 Replacing arable with SRC is only positive, but indirect land use change was not studied in 1999! Source: P. Börjesson, Lund University, 1999
Land available for SRC in EU, technically and economically (only countries with suitable climate) ha 50.000.000 40.000.000 30.000.000 20.000.000 10.000.000 0 unutilised unutilised fallow fallow permanent permanent land, 100% land, 10% land, 100 land, 50% grassland, grassland, Total SRC area in % 100% 10% EU < 30 000 ha
= feedstock for 359 CHP plants SRC on 10 % of unutilised land, 50% of fallow such as this one; Örtofta, Sweden, land and 10% of permanent grassland • 816 MWh/yr (only countries with suitable climate) • 92% efficiency 9.000.000 • 70% heat, • 30% electricity 8.000.000 • condensation 7.000.000 10 % of 6.000.000 permanent ha 5.000.000 grassland 4.000.000 3.000.000 50% of 2.000.000 fallow land Total SRC area in 1.000.000 EU < 30 000 ha 10% of unutilised land 0 1
= feedstock for 1167 CHP SRC on 10% of unutilised land, 50% of fallow land, plants such as this one; 10% of permanent grassland and 10% of arable Örtofta, Sweden, • 816 MWh/yr land in EU (only areas with suitable climate) • 92% efficiency • 70% heat, unutilised land, 10% fallow land 50% ha • 30% electricity permanent grassland10% reductio of arable • condensation 30.000.000 25.000.000 20.000.000 15.000.000 10.000.000 5.000.000 0 1 Total SRC area in EU < 30 000 ha
PRIN INCIPLE 1 cont …. • Land with high carbon stock • Wetlands – • not a problem since: • SRC does not grow on wetlands! • cannot use machinery on wetlands! • Forested areas- • Not a problem: uneconomic • Land that was peat land in Jan 2008 or thereafter • not a problem: SRC does not grow on peat land!
Environmental changes when perennial energy crops (salix/reed canary grass) replace annual food crops,…… 1 Changed environmental impact Av quantitative impact Max proportion of total arable land (%) Increased soil fertility 5% higher yield 47 Reduced wind erosion 10% higher yield 0,5 Reduced water erosion Reduced land degradation 1 Waste water treatment 100 kg N/ha/yr 0,4-2,5 Landfill leachate treatment 100 kg N/ha/yr 0,04 Recirculation of sewage sludge 1 tonne dry matter/ha/yr 4,8 Biodiversity Unchanged/increased in 60 open farm land Source: P. Börjesson, Lund University, 1999
PRIN INCIPLE 2: : Bio Biomass sh shall ll be produced in in an envi vironmentall lly resp sponsib ible le way. . Th This is inc inclu ludes th the protectio ion of f so soil il, water and air ir and th the appli licatio ion of f Good Agric ricult ltural l Practic ices 1. Environmental impact assessment - OK 2. Natural water courses - OK 3. Soil conservation and avoidance of soil erosion - OK 4. Soil organic matter and soil structure -OK 5. Ground water and irrigation -OK 6. Use of fertilizer 7. Integrated pest management 8. Use of plant protection products
Natural vegetation along water courses shall be maintained/restored • Not a problem: • Minimum 10 m buffer zones are needed along water course to enable use of machinery • Riparian areas are not suitable for SRC, too wet Ground water and irrigation • Salix does not grow on dry areas, needs good water supply, not suitable where ground water formation is limited • Irrigation usually not applied, uneconomic but: • Possible to use the salix plantation as biological filter, for waste water
Soil conservation and avoidance of soil erosion: The soil is quickly covered after planting, remains undisturbed for 20 years Compared with grain: • pH + • nutrient balance + • organic matter + • soil structure + • soil biodiversity +
Very little risk for soil erosion: after harvest The soil is never bare after the year of establishment Source: NE Nordh, SLU, 2010
Soil fertility: the field can be restored to arable land in one year Stubble removal by mulcher, Aug Sowing of winter wheat, Sep Swedish trials show that wheat after Disc ploughing, Aug Winter wheat emerging, Oct salix has higher yield Source :NE Nordh, SLU, 2010
Yield of 10 Lantmännen varieties in three trials at SLU, Odt/ha/ Alnarp, Sweden, year planted in 2010, first harvest 2013 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Trial site J, Alnarp, Sweden, 2010-2013 Trial site P, Alnarp, Sweden, 2010-2013 Trial site S, Alnarp, Sweden, 2010-2013 Source: J. Albertsson, SLU, processed by A. Henriksson
Use of fertilizer on new, improved varieties 5 trials in central Sweden 2008-2010, varieties Jorr (2) and Tora (3) odt/ha/yr 14,0 12,0 10,0 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 0,0 no fertilizer economy, 160 N normal, intensiv, 60+100+60 N 160+160+160 N Source: H Rosenqvist, P Aronsson, SLU, 2011 25
Sewage sludge is a good fertilizer for salix • 4 odt/ha after planting and after every harvest • Only certified sludge is used, same quality as for food crops • This covers the P-need but not the N-need • Many salix fields are fertilized only with sludge
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