Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, www.reapower.eu Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM) REAPower: Use of Desalination Brine for Power Production through Reverse Electrodialysis Michele Tedesco * A. Cipollina, A. Tamburini, G. Micale, J. Helsen, M. Papapetrou * michele.tedesco@unipa.it International Conference WIN4Life Tinos Island (Greece) – 19 th -21 st September 2013
1. 1. the REAPower Project the REAPower Project 2. Achievements 3. Perspectives The REAPower Project Main facts: • Project title: Reverse Electrodialysis Alternative Power Production • Call identifier: FP7-ENERGY-2010-FET (Future Emerging Technologies for Energy Applications) • Starting date: 1 October 2010 • Closing date: 30 September 2014 International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19 th -21 st September 2013 2
1. 1. the REAPower Project the REAPower Project 2. Achievements 3. Perspectives The REAPower Project Consortium International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 3
1. 1. the REAPower Project the REAPower Project 2. Achievements 3. Perspectives The Reverse Electrodialysis technology e - CATHODE I, J + C D C ANODE e - ELECTRODE RINSE - + - + International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 4
1. 1. the REAPower Project the REAPower Project 2. Achievements 3. Perspectives The REAPower Project The idea to produce energy from salinity gradients generated by sea/brackish water and ultra-concentrated brines R&D strategy Development of new Ion Exchange Membranes for highly concentrated solutions Selection of best conditions for redox couple/stack design Wide experimental investigation on lab-scale stack Development/validation of a predictive modelling tool Economic analysis and process sustainability on large scale International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 5
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives Improvements in membranes development Permselectivity has achieved values of 65% for AEM and up to Increased permselectivity 90% for CEM when in contact with almost saturated brine Membrane specific resistance reduced to 1.5-2.5 Ω∙ cm 2 aiming at Reduced membrane resistance a 3-5 folds reduction in the next months International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 6
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives Electrochemical aspects and stack design Investigated redox couples under different conditions: FeCl 3 /FeCl 2 Redox couples selection K 3 Fe(CN) 6 /K 4 Fe(CN) 6 Fe(III)-EDTA/Fe(II)-EDTA Two different stack geometries already designed, constructed and New stack design tested Currently available for the consortium International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 7
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit Experimental conditions already investigated: fluid velocity (0.1 – 4 cm/s) feed temperature (20 – 40 °C) number of cell pairs (5 – 50) concentration of redox couple (0.1 – 0.3 M of K 3 Fe(CN) 6 /K 4 Fe(CN) 6 ) salt concentration of both solutions. Potentiostat/ Galvanostat Brine OUT Brine IN Brine OUT CELLS tank tank Seawater OUT STACK Brine IN Seawater IN Seawater OUT Seawater IN ERS IN ERS OUT tank tank Electrode Rinse Solution tank International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 8
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit Effect of fluid velocity on power output 3.0 Max power density (gross) 2.0 Max P d [W/m 2 cell pair] 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 Max power density (net): Power density – Hydraulic -4.0 losses -5.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 fluid velocity [cm/s] Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers .Brine solution: 5 M NaCl, seawater: 0.5 M NaCl. T=20 ° C. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K 3 Fe(CN) 6 / K 4 Fe(CN) 6 ·3H 2 O + 2.5 M NaCl. International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 9
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit Effect of the concentration of the concentrated solution (1 ÷ 5 M) Maximum power density Power density vs. current density vs. C conc 6.0 5.0 Power density [W/m 2 cell pair] C dil =0.55 M 5 M Max Pd [W/m 2 cell pair] 4 M 5.0 4.0 2,86 M 1,96 M 4.0 3.0 1 M increasing increasing Gross Pd C concentrate C concentrate 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 -1.0 0 40 80 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 current density [A/m 2 ] Concentration of the conc. solution [M] Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers . Seawater: 0.55 M NaCl. T=20 ° C. Fluid velocity: 1 cm/s. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K 3 Fe(CN) 6 / K 4 Fe(CN) 6 ·3H 2 O + 2.5 M NaCl. International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 10
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit Effect of the concentration of the diluted solution (0.1 ÷ 1 M) Maximum power density Power density vs. current density vs. C dilute 5.0 Max P d = 4.5 W/m 2 C conc =5 M 4.5 decreasing Max Pd [W/m 2 cell pair] 4.0 C dilute 3.5 3.0 decreasing C dilute 2.5 2.0 1.5 Gross Pd 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Concentration of the diluted solution [M] Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers . Brine: 5 M NaCl. T=20 ° C. Fluid velocity: 1 cm/s. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K 3 Fe(CN) 6 / K 4 Fe(CN) 6 ·3H 2 O + 2.5 M NaCl. International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 11
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit MAX power output conditions: 4cm/s, T = 40°C & brackish water diluate (0.1M) Thick membranes (120 μ m) Thin membranes (20-30mm) (provided by Fujifilm) (provided by Fumatech) 12 12 10 10 P density [W/m 2 ] P density [W/m 2 ] 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 i [A/m 2 ] Power density between 15 and 20 W/m 2 can be expected i [A/m 2 ] with larger number of cell pairs, i.e. reducing the effect of blank resistance 50 cell pairs; Deukum spacers [thickness 270 µm] - Brine 5 M; Electrode rinse solution [( K 3 Fe(CN) 6 0,1 M, K 4 Fe(CN) 6 ·3H 2 O 0,3M; NaCl 2,5M), flow rate 30l/h]. International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 12
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives CFD modelling and process simulation Multi-Scale Modelling approach: Process model implementation Computational Fluid Dynamics Multi scale model Lower scale info of SGP-RE stack implementation Experimental tests Multi scale model validation on SGP-RE stacks validation Model predictions on process performances & optimisation International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 13
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives CFD Modelling: prediction of pressure drops Model validation with experimental results 0.30 0.25 0.20 Δ P/l [bar/m] 0.25 Simulations with different 0.15 commercial spacers 0.20 0.10 Δ P/l [bar/m] Empty 400 μ m 0.15 Blue water exp Blue brine exp 0.05 Empty 200 μ m Blue water CFD Blue brine CFD Empty 100 μ m Deukum water exp Deukum brine exp Deukum water CFD Deukum brine CFD Overlapped 0.00 0.10 Woven Woven 200 μ m 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 DelStar Naltex Config. A Q [ml/min] DelStar Naltex Config. B 0.05 Sefar Nitex Blue Deukum Porous 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 Velocity along the flow direction [m/s] International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 14
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives CFD Modelling: prediction of polarisation phenomena salt concentration map salt concentration map at membrane-solution interface in the bulk Polarisation Coefficients: International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 15
1. the REAPower Project 2. 2. Achievements Achievements 3. Perspectives CFD Modelling: prediction of polarisation phenomena Polarization factor for Deukum spacer-filled channels 2 2 8 0.999 9 0.99 . 0.998 SEAWATER 0 BRINE (500 mol/m3) 1.8 (5000 mol/m3) 1.8 1 1 1.6 1.6 0.997 feed flow velocity, v (cm/s) feed flow velocity, v (cm/s) 8 9 . 1.4 0 1.4 8 9 0.97 9 . 0.99 0 9 1.2 9 1.2 9 . 0 1 1 0.98 1 0.997 0.996 1 0.96 0.97 0.8 0.8 0.998 0.6 0.6 0.99 0.95 0.999 0.995 0.4 6 0.4 9 6 . 9 0 0.997 7 9 8 9 . 0 0.94 9 . 0 0.2 . 1 0.2 0 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 current density, i (A/m2) current density, i (A/m2) Effect of current density and fluid velocity on polarization coefficients. CFD Model predictions of a 270 µm polyamide woven spacer (Deukum GmbH, Germany). International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 16
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