The Role of Desalination in The Role of Desalination in Meeting California’ ’s Water s Water Meeting California Needs Needs Jerry Johns Jerry Johns Deputy Director Deputy Director California Department of Water Resources California Department of Water Resources June 15, 2006 June 15, 2006
Topics to be Discussed Topics to be Discussed � California Water Plan California Water Plan- -How does How does � desalination fit in? desalination fit in? � Costs, Opportunities, Challenges Costs, Opportunities, Challenges � � Review by State Desalination Task Review by State Desalination Task � Force in 2003 Force in 2003 � $50 Million in Desalination $50 Million in Desalination � Grants – – Proposition 50 Proposition 50 Grants
California Water Plan California Water Plan � Done every 5 years Done every 5 years � � Water Plan update 2005 Water Plan update 2005 � � By 2030 California is projected to have 12 million more By 2030 California is projected to have 12 million more � people people • Increased reliable water needs Increased reliable water needs • � Conventional water resources are declining: Conventional water resources are declining: � • Colorado River 4.4 Plan Colorado River 4.4 Plan • • Local groundwater contamination in some areas Local groundwater contamination in some areas • • Environmental Needs (Bay Environmental Needs (Bay- -Delta, Mono Lake, Delta, Mono Lake, • Etc.) Etc.) • Possible effects of climate change on surface Possible effects of climate change on surface • runoff patterns runoff patterns � http:// http://www.waterplan.water.ca.gov www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/ / �
Framework for Action Framework for Action Sustainable & Reliable Water in 2030 Sustainable & Reliable Water in 2030 Vital Economy Vital Economy Vision Vision Healthy Environment Healthy Environment High Standard of Living High Standard of Living Improve Implement Improve Implement 2 Initiatives 2 Initiatives Statewide Water Integrated Statewide Water Integrated Ensure Reliable Ensure Reliable Management Water Supplies Regional Water Management Water Supplies Regional Water Systems Management Systems Management 3 Foundational 3 Foundational Use Protect Support Use Protect Support Actions Ensure Actions Ensure Water Water Environmental Water Water Environmental Sustainable Sustainable Efficiently Quality Stewardship Efficiently Quality Stewardship Water Uses Water Uses
Initiative 1 Initiative 1 Implement Integrated Implement Integrated Regional Water Regional Water Management Management � Foster regional Foster regional � partnerships partnerships � Develop integrated Develop integrated � regional water regional water management plans management plans � Diversify regional water Diversify regional water � portfolios using mix of portfolios using mix of strategies strategies
Initiative 2 Initiative 2 Improve Statewide Water Improve Statewide Water Management Systems Management Systems � Improve aging facilities Improve aging facilities � � Implement CALFED Implement CALFED � Program Program � Improve flood Improve flood � management management � Sustain the Sustain the � Sacramento- - Sacramento San Joaquin Delta San Joaquin Delta � Implement Statewide Implement Statewide � Water Management Water Management Programs Programs
Statewide Scenario Demand Changes Statewide Scenario Demand Changes Plus Groundwater Overdraft Plus Groundwater Overdraft Overdraft 2 MAF per 6 year 5 Million Acre-Feet per 4 3 Year 2 1 0 -1 Less More Current Resource Resource Trends Intensive Intensive
Scenario Scenario Demand Demand Changes Changes by by Region Region
Resource Management Resource Management Strategies Strategies Reduce Water Demand Improve Water Quality Reduce Water Demand Improve Water Quality Agricultural Water Use Drinking Water Treatment and � Agricultural Water Use � Drinking Water Treatment and � � Efficiency Distribution Efficiency Distribution Urban Water Use Efficiency Urban Water Use Efficiency Groundwater/Aquifer Groundwater/Aquifer � � � � Remediation Remediation Improve Operational Efficiency Improve Operational Efficiency Matching Quality to Use Matching Quality to Use � � & Transfers & Transfers Pollution Prevention Pollution Prevention � � Conveyance � Conveyance � Urban Runoff Management � Urban Runoff Management � System Reoperation System Reoperation � � Water Transfers Water Transfers Practice Resource Stewardship Practice Resource Stewardship � � Agricultural Lands Stewardship � Agricultural Lands Stewardship � Increase Water Supply Increase Water Supply Economic Incentives (Loans, Economic Incentives (Loans, � � Conjunctive Management & Conjunctive Management & � � Grants, and Water Pricing) Grants, and Water Pricing) Groundwater Storage Groundwater Storage Ecosystem Restoration Ecosystem Restoration � � Desalination – Desalination –Brackish & Brackish & � � Floodplain Management � Floodplain Management � Seawater Seawater Recharge Areas Protection Recharge Areas Protection � � Precipitation Enhancement Precipitation Enhancement � � Urban Land Use Management Urban Land Use Management � � Recycled Municipal Water � Recycled Municipal Water � Water- -Dependent Recreation Dependent Recreation � Water � Surface Storage – Surface Storage – CALFED CALFED � � Watershed Management Watershed Management � � Surface Storage - - � Surface Storage � Regional/Local Regional/Local
Range of Additional Water Range of Additional Water for Eight Resource Management Choices for Eight Resource Management Choices 3.5 3.1 (million acre-feet per year) Additional Annual Water Low Estimate High Estimate 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Conveyance Surface Storage - CALFED Precipitation Enhancement Recycled Municipal Water Conjunctive Mgmt & GW Storage Ocean & Brackish Desalination Urban Water Use Efficiency (Applied) Agricultural Water Use Efficiency (Net)
Brackish and Ocean Water Desalination
Desalination Potential by 2030 Desalination Potential by 2030 � 500,000 acre feet 500,000 acre feet � - 200,000 acre feet ocean water 200,000 acre feet ocean water - desalination desalination - 300,000 acre feet brackish water 300,000 acre feet brackish water - desalination desalination � Total capital investment needed Total capital investment needed- - $1 to 2 $1 to 2 � billion billion
Benefits of Desalination Benefits of Desalination Can help meet water demand by introducing a new Can help meet water demand by introducing a new water supply component water supply component Diversify the State’ ’s water portfolio s water portfolio Diversify the State Drought- -proof proof Drought Ocean Water Desalination - - Renewable Renewable Ocean Water Desalination Brackish Water Desalination – – Use of previously Use of previously Brackish Water Desalination unusable water supplies unusable water supplies
Water Desalination Processes Water Desalination Processes Membrane processes Membrane processes � � Reverse osmosis (RO) Reverse osmosis (RO) � � Electrodialysis (ED) Electrodialysis (ED) � � Nanofiltration (NF) Nanofiltration (NF) � � Microfiltration (MF) Microfiltration (MF) � � Thermal or Distillation processes Thermal or Distillation processes � � Vapor Compression: Vapor Compression: � � Thermal (TVC) & Mechanical (MVC) Thermal (TVC) & Mechanical (MVC) Multi- -Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) Multi � � Multi- -Effect Distillation (MED) Effect Distillation (MED) Multi � � Other processes (not yet competitive) Other processes (not yet competitive) � � � Freezing Freezing � � Membrane distillation Membrane distillation � � Air Air � humidification/dehumidification humidification/dehumidification
Trends in Desalination Trends in Desalination 5000 Worldwide Capacity (MGD) 4000 Thermal Processes Membrane Processes 3000 2000 1000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2250 2000 Trend in desalinated seawater cost Trend in Desalinated Water Cost 1750 1500 $/ACF Proposed Projects in California 1250 [ ] 1000 750 500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Estimated Unit Cost Brackish Water Desalination The total cost for brackish water desalination, including the amortized costs for planning, designing, and constructing such a facility and the costs for operation (e.g., energy, chemicals, disposal etc) will be based on site-specific conditions and range from $130 to $1,250 per acre-foot*. Oceanwater Desalination In California, the total amortized production cost of reverse osmosis desalination would be $860/AF to $1,300/AF (assuming electricity costs of $0.08/kWh). On the average, an increase in electric energy cost of $0.01 per kilowatt hour (kWh) would increase the total cost of desalination by $53 per acre-foot (AF) of desalinated water. In addition, there are distribution costs of $100 - $300 per acre-foot. Operation and maintenance may vary from 50% to 70% of total cost
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