US History, October 28 • Entry y Task: k: Talk with your table - what are examples of acceptable LIES (white lies)? • An Annou ounceme ment nts: –Don’t forget to turn in your poster! –Today: Review Sedition Act, VA & KY Resolutions, and Jefferson’s Contradictions
What do you think? • The lesson: In a deep sense, then, politicians break their promises because the public tolerates dishonesty . • Yes, you can blame politicians for lying; but as a wise, old saying goes, "Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me."
What were some arguments about the Sedition Act? IN SUPPORT AGAINST
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions • Jefferson & James Madison were outraged & wrote the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (or Resolves) in 1798-99: – Presented a “states’ rights” argument (called the “PRINCIPLES of ‘98” ) suggesting that states could ignore ( nullify ) national laws that they viewed as unfair – The “states’ rights” & “nullification” arguments will be used by the North against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and the South to secede from the USA during the Civil War in 1860-61 – Also used by S.Carolina in 1832 about tariffs which favored the North
Think About… Was the Anti-French sentiment enough of a concern to eliminate freedom of speech, press, and protest? Should the US have rights to silent protesters during time of war?
Thomas Jefferson (President 1801-1809) • Scientist, Farmer, Reluctant Statesman • Secretary of State under President Washington • Vice President under Adams • Champion for the “Common Man”
The U.S. Economy in 1800 Cotton quickly became the dominant Southern crop of the 19 th century By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly Cotton production entrenched the involved in agriculture South’s “need” for slaves & expedited Northern industrialism The Southern economy was dominated by rice & tobacco cultivation Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 allowed for a cotton boom in the South
The U.S. Economy in 1800 By 1800, The Northern economy was more diverse industrialization was just than the South, but most Americans were beginning in America involved in cultivating livestock & grains By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly involved in agriculture Boston, NY, Philadelphia relied on international trade, otherwise cities played a marginal role (only 5% of Samuel Slater designed cotton-spinning factories Americans lived in cities) in NE; but most textiles were homemade
1800 Election Results (TIE = Into the House of Representatives!!) Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5% (73 Electoral votes) Aaron Burr (73 New York Democratic-Republican 4 25.0% Electoral votes) Blank ------- 2 12.5%
Amendment 12 (1804) • Changes Presidential Elections – “The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for the President and Vice President…they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted as Vice-President…”
John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic-Republican Significance of Election of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another • “revolutionary” achievement
Why do Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton hate each other? • 1800 Election (H’s influence = VP) • 1804 – Burr runs for Governor of New York (Hamilton’s influence = loss of election)
Jefferson as President • Jefferson entered office after the “revolution of 1800” with a clear political ideology & goals: – To reduce size & cost of gov’t & promote republican agrarianism (farming) – To repeal key Federalist policies (esp Alien & Sedition Acts) – To maintain international peace However, Jefferson would have to compromise many of his ideological principles to be an effective president
Jeffersonian Reforms • Jefferson’s priority was to reduce the role of the national gov’t & return key decisions to the states • Jefferson worked with Congress to – Repeal all excise taxes – Reduce military spending – Eliminate all national debt – Did not renew the charter of the BUS (The bank will die in 1811, but he retained it during most of his Presidency)
Marbury v. Madison • John Adams appointed new judges under the Judiciary Act of 1801 the night before his term was over – “Midnight Appointments” of Federalists – This act flooded the federal courts with Federalists, including John Marbury – Controversy leads to Marbury v. Madison (1803), which establishes the concept of “Judicial Review” – Part of the Judiciary Act of 1801 was declared “unconstitutional” JEFFERSON: Supreme Court should not have the exclusive right to interpret the Constitution!
The United States in 1800 From 1800 to 1810, the U.S. had major Intense migration to the population growth; Grew by 2 million people trans-Appalachian West after 1790 led to new states Ohio (1803) Kentucky (1792) Tennessee (1796)
Spanish Land 1800 • Great Britain after the Revolution. • United States after War • Spanish land after Revolution New Orleans
French Land in 1801 • Great Britain after the Revolution. • United States after War • Spanish land New Orleans
• France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans • Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France for $10 million – if sale failed, instructed to seek alliance with England
French Land in 1801 • Great Britain after the Revolution. • United States after War • Spanish land New Orleans
• Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave, led a slave rebellion in French Haiti. • Haiti – supposed to be a stepping stone to America… • This event forced him to abandon his dream of a French America
• Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered the entire Louisiana territory to the US for $15 million • Turns out to be around 3 cents an acre • Doubled the size of the US • Considered Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment – WHY???
Expansion of the United States
Louisiana Purchase includes all or part of 13 states and comprises 23% of US today
Jefferson and Contradictions Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist) • Kept the Navy strong to fight against Barbary Pirates in North Africa Anti-British/ Pro-French • Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans. Against slavery – “all men are created equal” • Owned 200 slaves, published ugly remarks about race and wanted to deport African/African- Americans Strict Construction of Constitution • Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of Louisiana territory
Jefferson and Contradictions Champion of Free Speech • Yet he suggested that prosecution on Federalist newspapers would have a “wholesome effect in restoring the integrity of the press” Believed in equal rights • But insisted that “the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail” Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in a “realistic world”.
Lewis & Clark Journey • Jefferson sent quiet plans to Congress to send an expedition, asking for only $2500 (ends up costing $38,722) • Jefferson chooses Meriwether Lewis, who invites William Clark to partner in the expedition as co-commanders • The Corps of 33-50 travels 8,000 miles to the Pacific & back on a 2-yr journey
President Jefferson’s Instructions • Map a new route to the Pacific Ocean • Make contact with the Native Americans • Obtain specimens for further study • Keep a full record of activities during the Expedition
What do you already know about L&C’s journey?
What were particular challenges during this expedition?
• July 20, 1804 • For a month past the party have been troubled with boils, and occasionally with the dysentery. These boils were large tomours which broke out under the arms, on the legs, and, generally, in the parts most exposed to action, which sometimes became to painful to permit the men to work. This disorder....has not affected the general health of the party, which is quite as good, if not better, than that of the same number of men in any other situation. • October 26, 1805 - William Clark • The Flees which the party got on them at the upper & great falls, are very troublesom and dificuelt to get rid of , perticularly as the me[n] have not a Change of Clothes to put on, they strip off their Clothes and kill the flees, dureing which time they remain nakid.
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