Urban ambient mixing ratios of hydrochlorofluorocarbons in China - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Urban ambient mixing ratios of hydrochlorofluorocarbons in China Xuekun Fang, Jing Wu, Yehong Shi, Jianbo Zhang, Jianxin Hu College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China Boulder, USA May, 2011

Outline  1. Introduction  2. Experiment  3. Results and Discussion • 3.1 General features • 3.2 Compared to NH background • 3.3 Compared to year 2001 • 3.4 Regions with high levels of HCFC-22  4. Conclusion

1.Introduction  CFCs were manufactured since 1930s, but forbidden due to ODP (ODP CFC-11 =1.0, ODPCFC-12=1.0) Montreal Protocol (UNEP, 2009)  HCFCs and HFCs came to use, but with high GWP (GWP HCFC-22 =1780, GWP HFC-134a =1410) Special Report (IPCC/TEAP, 2005)  China has phased out CFCs (mid-2007), but usage of HCFCs and HFCs are growing fast

1.Introduction  Studies about China (Blake et al., 2003a; Chan et al., 2006; Hu et al., 2009b; Kim et al., 2010; Qin, 2007; Vollmer et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2010),  B. Barletta et al.(2006) in Journal of AE Ambient halocarbons mixing ratios in 45 Chinese cities group: University of California, Irvine, USA time ： month 1-2, 2001 species ： 19 sites ： 45 cities ， middle and east of China

1.Introduction  China, the most populated country with 1.33 billion in 2009 (NBSC, 2010)  One of the fast growing economies (>10% per year, NBSC, 2010);  Ten years have passed, things changed. HCFCs, How is now

2. Experiment Map of population density and sampling sites Population density in China (persons/square kilometers) Totally 46 cities

2. Experiment Cryogenic pre-concentration system Species R RRF LOD (pptv) RSD (Entech 7100A) CFC-11 0.999 0.395±0.003 6 5.09% CFC-12 0.997 0.421±0.012 8 6.82% CFC-114 0.999 0.494±0.004 7 6.17% GC-MS (Varian Saturn 2100) with SIM HCFC-22 0.999 0.111±0.004 18 3.84% HCFC-141b 0.997 0.051±0.004 4 5.35% TO-14A (containing CFCs) was used and standard gases (containing HCFCs) were prepared by static HCFC-142b 0.998 0.054±0.001 6 7.90% dilution by National Institute of Metrology of China

3. Results and discussion

3.1 General features  Variability of ozone depleting substances is an important indication of emissions (Chang et al., Atmospheric Environment, 2010)  the smaller variability is, the smaller emission source will be, the much closer its concentration will be to the global background value.

3.1 General features Common Mean RSD Median Min Max 40000 Name (pptv) (%) (pptv) (pptv) (pptv) Annual emission of CFC-12 in China 35000 Negligible 30000 CFC-11 255 13 244 196 424 25000 emission sources tons 20000 CFC-12 538 5 538 443 649 of CFCs existed 15000 10000 CFC-114 16 6 16 12 18 in China 5000 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ( 5 percentile to 95 percentile of data were selected to calculate mean and relative standard deviations (RSD), in order to exclude incidents) (Hu et al., Atmospheric Environment, 2009)

3.1 General features Much larger Common Mean RSD Median Min Max emission Name (pptv) (%) (pptv) (pptv) (pptv) sources of HCFC-22 585 39 493 269 1831 HCFCs existed in China 47 47 39 26 293 HCFC-141b 60 68 42 24 223 HCFC-142b

3.2 Compared to NH background Surpassed the Median Min Max NH background to Common Mean RSD (pptv) (pptv) (pptv) Background Name (pptv) (%) a large extent (pptv) 211 a HCFC-22 585 39 493 269 1831 22 a 47 47 39 26 293 HCFC-141b 21 a HCFC-142b 60 68 42 24 223 a Insitu monthly average Data (October 2010) from the NOAA/ESRL halocarbons in situ program (ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/hats). Data of HCFC-141b from flask program (July 2010)

3.2 Compared to NH background Reason——a big proportion of Global emissions China emissions were relative large emissions

3.3 Compared to year 2001 Mixing ratios have Common RSD NH 45 cites in increased rapidly Mean Median Min Max 2001 d Name (%) Background since 2001 211 a 585 39 493 269 4541 HCFC-22 220(71) 22 a 47 47 39 26 293 HCFC-141b 20(9) 21 a HCFC-142b 60 68 42 24 2169 19(5) a Insitu monthly average Data (October 2010) from the NOAA/ESRL halocarbons in situ program (ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/hats) d (Barletta et al., Atmospheric Environment. 2006).

3.3 Compared to year 2001 HCFC-22 Mixing ratio 1185 1153 1200 1200 2001 2001 1000 1000 80 pptv/year 2010 2010 800 800 pptv pptv 600 600 449 330 330 400 400 290 290 214 214 200 200 0 0 Beijing Beijing Shanghai Shanghai Guangzhou Guangzhou Data of Beijing and Shanghai in 2001 from Barletta et al.,.2006 Data of Guangzhou in 2001 from Chan and Chu, 2007 Case study

3.3 Compared to year 2001 HCFC-141b Mixing ratio 60 60 55 2001 2001 50 50 2010 2010 36 40 40 pptv pptv 31 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 0 0 Beijing Beijing Shanghai Shanghai Guangzhou Guangzhou Data of 2001 was average value of HCFC-141b from Barletta et al., 2006). Case study

3.3 Compared to year 2001 Reason—— Annual emissions increase 120000 120000 103459 100000 100000 Emissions have 2001 2001 80000 80000 increased rapidly 2010 2010 60000 since 2001 60000 40000 40000 16199 11880 20000 11880 20000 1359 1359 0 0 HCFC-22 HCFC-141b HCFC-22 HCFC-141b (Hu et al., Atmospheric Environment, 2009)

but CFC phased out, so production and consumption of HCFCs 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 Beijing Changchun Changsha Chengdu 3.3 Compared to year 2001 Chongqing Dalian Why emissions increased? Guangzhou Guilin Haikou Hangzhou Harbin Hefei Hohhot Jinan grew gradually. Kunming Lanzhou Lianyungang Nanchang Ratio of GDP 2010 to GDP Nanjing Nanning Nantong 2001 in those cities Ningbo Qingdao Shanghai Shantou Shenyang Shenzhen Shijiazhuang Suzhou Taiyuan Tianjin Urumqi Wenzhou Wuhan Xiamen Xi'an Xining Yantai Yinchuan Zhanjiang Zhengzhou Zhuhai

3.4 Regions with high levels of HCFC-22 North China Plain Northwest China Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta

4. Conclusion  Larger Variability of HCFCs than CFCs in China;  Levels of HCFCs surpassed NH background to a large extent, especially for HCFC-22 (585 pptv and 211 pptv, respectively);  Levels of HCFCs have increased rapidly since 2001;  Regions with high levels of HCFC were distinguished.

Acknowledgments: Supports by SEPA in China