Understanding and Estimating Understanding and Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions American Association of Port Authorities American Association of Port Authorities Climate Change Workshop Climate Change Workshop November 12, 2008 November 12, 2008 Port of Houston Port of Houston Houston, TX Houston, TX
Overview Overview What Are Greenhouse Gases? What Are Greenhouse Gases? Where Do They Come From? Where Do They Come From? What Sources Do I Have at My Seaport? What Sources Do I Have at My Seaport? What Should I Include in my Inventory? What Should I Include in my Inventory? How Do I Estimate GHG Emissions? How Do I Estimate GHG Emissions?
What Are the Greenhouse Gases and What Are the Greenhouse Gases and Where do they Come From? Where do they Come From? Carbon dioxide (CO Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 2 ) Methane Methane (CH (CH 4 ) 4 ) Nitrous oxide (N Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 2 O) Fluorinated gases Fluorinated gases – Hydrofluorocarbons – Hydrofluorocarbons – Perfluorocarbons – Perfluorocarbons – Sulfur hexafluoride (SF – Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) 6 )
What Are the Greenhouse Gases and What Are the Greenhouse Gases and Where do they Come From? Where do they Come From? Carbon dioxide (CO Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 2 ) – CO – CO 2 equivalence: 1 2 equivalence: 1 – Combustion – Combustion • Fossil Fuel • Fossil Fuel • Biomass • Biomass – Industrial Processes – Industrial Processes (e.g., cement manuf.) (e.g., cement manuf.)
What Are the Greenhouse Gases and What Are the Greenhouse Gases and Where do they Come From? Where do they Come From? Methane (CH Methane (CH 4 ) 4 ) – CO – CO 2 equivalence: 21 2 equivalence: 21 – Oil & Gas Production and Transport – Oil & Gas Production and Transport – Decomposition Processes – Decomposition Processes – Livestock (enteric decomposition) – Livestock (enteric decomposition) – Incomplete Combustion – Incomplete Combustion
What Are the Greenhouse Gases and What Are the Greenhouse Gases and Where do they Come From? Where do they Come From? Nitrous Oxide (N Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) 2 O) – CO – CO 2 equivalence: 310 2 equivalence: 310 – Agricultural Soil and Manure Management – Agricultural Soil and Manure Management (e.g., from fertilizer use) (e.g., from fertilizer use) – Industrial Processes (e.g., nitric acid prod.) – Industrial Processes (e.g., nitric acid prod.) – Fuel Combustion – Fuel Combustion
What Are the Greenhouse Gases and What Are the Greenhouse Gases and Where do They Come From? Where do They Come From? Fluorinated Gases Fluorinated Gases – CO – CO 2 equivalence: 140- -23,900 23,900 2 equivalence: 140 (known as high- -global warming potential gases) global warming potential gases) (known as high – Replacement of Ozone – Replacement of Ozone- -Depleting Substances Depleting Substances (CFCs, HCFCs, halons) (CFCs, HCFCs, halons) – Industrial Processes (e.g., aluminum production, – Industrial Processes (e.g., aluminum production, semi- -conductor manufacturing) conductor manufacturing) semi – Electric Power Industry (SF – Electric Power Industry (SF 6 ) 6 )
What Are the Greenhouse Gases and What Are the Greenhouse Gases and Where do they Come From? Where do they Come From? Most Port Most Port- -Related Sources of GHGs involve Related Sources of GHGs involve Fuel Combustion Fuel Combustion CO CO 2 , CH CH 4 , N N 2 O 2 , 4 , 2 O Of these, CO Of these, CO 2 accounts for approx. 99% 2 accounts for approx. 99% of global warming potential in CO 2 equivalents of global warming potential in CO 2 equivalents
What are the Typical Sources of What are the Typical Sources of Greenhouse Gases at a Seaport? Greenhouse Gases at a Seaport? Direct Combustion of Fuels Direct Combustion of Fuels – Marine Vessels – Marine Vessels – Terminal Equipment – Terminal Equipment – Trucks and Other On – Trucks and Other On- -Road Vehicles Road Vehicles – Locomotives – Locomotives – Facilities (boilers, water heaters, space heating, – Facilities (boilers, water heaters, space heating, etc.) etc.)
What Scope of Activities Should I Include? What Scope of Activities Should I Include? (The Scope Question) (The Scope Question) “ “Port Authority Port Authority” ” vs vs “ “Port Port” ” Port Authority Port Authority- -Owned Equipment, Vehicles, Owned Equipment, Vehicles, Buildings Buildings Tenants Tenants’ ’ Activities, Equipment, etc. Activities, Equipment, etc. Employees Employees’ ’ Activities Activities – – e.g., commuting e.g., commuting Vendors, Visitors, etc. Vendors, Visitors, etc. Risk of Double Risk of Double- -Counting Counting
What Scope of Activities Should I Include? What Scope of Activities Should I Include? (The Boundary Question) (The Boundary Question) Marine Vessels Marine Vessels – – how far out to sea? how far out to sea? – Which facilities/berths? – Which facilities/berths? Trucks, Locomotives, and Other On Trucks, Locomotives, and Other On- -Road Road Vehicles – – how far inland? how far inland? Vehicles Terminal Equipment Terminal Equipment – – self limiting self limiting (generally operates in one location) (generally operates in one location) Consistency is Key Consistency is Key
How Do I Estimate My How Do I Estimate My Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Top Down Top Down – Broad Categories – Broad Categories – Overall Fuel Use Measures or Estimates – Overall Fuel Use Measures or Estimates Bottom Up Bottom Up – Equipment Specific – Equipment Specific – Activity or Fuel Use Records when Possible – Activity or Fuel Use Records when Possible – Build off of Existing Criteria Pollutant Inventory – Build off of Existing Criteria Pollutant Inventory
How Do I Estimate My How Do I Estimate My Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Fuel Combustion Fuel Combustion – Organize by Source Category – Organize by Source Category – As Much Detail as Possible (sources / fuel types) – As Much Detail as Possible (sources / fuel types) – Refueling Records – Refueling Records – Fuel Purchase Records – Fuel Purchase Records – Fuel Usage Estimates from Activity Information – Fuel Usage Estimates from Activity Information – Direct Estimates from Activity Information – Direct Estimates from Activity Information (e.g., NONROAD, MOBILE models) (e.g., NONROAD, MOBILE models)
How Do I Estimate My How Do I Estimate My Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Fuel Types Fuel Types – Diesel – Diesel – Biodiesel (know % if blend, e.g., B20) – Biodiesel (know % if blend, e.g., B20) – Gasoline (account for ethanol fraction) – Gasoline (account for ethanol fraction) – Propane – Propane – Ethanol – Ethanol – Natural Gas – Natural Gas – Residual Fuel – Residual Fuel
How Do I Estimate My How Do I Estimate My Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Emi ssion Factors, mass of GHG per gallon fuel Emi ssion Factors, mass of GHG per gallon fuel “X X” ” gals fuel x gals fuel x “ “Y Y” ” grams CO grams CO 2 per gal “ 2 per gal = “ “Z Z” ” grams of CO grams of CO 2 (convert to tonnes tonnes) ) = 2 (convert to Or, mass balance based on carbon content of the fuel Or, mass balance based on carbon content of the fuel “X X” ” tonnes fuel x tonnes fuel x “ “Y Y” ” % carbon x (44/12) % carbon x (44/12) “ = “ “Z Z” ” tonnes CO tonnes CO 2 = 2
How Do I Estimate My How Do I Estimate My Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Fuel Usage Estimates from Equipment Activity Fuel Usage Estimates from Equipment Activity Information Information – Horsepower x load factor x hours = hp – Horsepower x load factor x hours = hp- -hrs hrs – Specific fuel consumption (SFC) – Specific fuel consumption (SFC) = gals per hp- -hr hr = gals per hp – Multiply hp – Multiply hp- -hrs by SFC = gallons fuel hrs by SFC = gallons fuel
How Do I Estimate My How Do I Estimate My Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Direct CO Direct CO 2 Estimates from Activity Information 2 Estimates from Activity Information – EPA models developed to estimate emissions from – EPA models developed to estimate emissions from vehicles and equipment vehicles and equipment – MOBILE series – MOBILE series – – on on- -road vehicles road vehicles – NONROAD series – NONROAD series – – off off- -road equipment road equipment – MOVES – MOVES – – consolidated model, not yet released for consolidated model, not yet released for use use
How Do I Estimate My How Do I Estimate My Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Inventory Summary Organized by: Inventory Summary Organized by: – Facility / Terminal, etc. – Facility / Terminal, etc. – Direct (generally fuel) – Direct (generally fuel) vs Indirect (generally electricity) Indirect (generally electricity) vs – Source Category – Source Category – Fuel Type – Fuel Type
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