TAUP 2009 Rome July 1-5 2009 Underground Laboratories Underground Laboratories Eugenio Coccia INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Università di Roma Tor Vergata coccia@lngs.infn.it Thanks to Alessandro Bettini, Fabrice Piquemal, Sean Paling, Neil Spooner, Vladimir Gavrin, Naba Mondal, Yoichiro Suzuki, Kevin Lesko, Tony Noble, Agnieszka Zalewska, Timo Enqvist, Romul Mircea Margineanu, Vuk Mandic. Dedicated to Julio Morales 28-Aug-09 1
Underground Laboratories QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture. Very high energy phenomena, such as proton decay and neutrinoless double beta decay, happen spontaneously, but at extremely low rates. The study of neutrino properties from natural and artificial sources and the detection of dark matter candidates requires capability of detecting extremely weak effects. Thanks to the rock coverage and the corresponding reduction in the cosmic ray flux, underground laboratories provide the necessary low background environment to investigate these processes. Tiny signals = fight against background These laboratories appear complementary to those with accelerators in the basic research of the elementary constituents of matter, of their interactions and symmetries. 28-Aug-09 2
The sites CUPP Soudan SNOlab ILIAS DUSEL project Boulby SUL LSM All sites are in the BNO Northern Kamioka LSC hemisphere LNGS Y2L Oto EU Labs coordination: APPEC, ASPERA, ILIAS INO project 28-Aug-09 3
Facilities range from simple underground sites to full laboratories and observatories And have important differences: Depth (µ flux, spallation n flux - determines a fraction of the background sources) Size of the halls, limiting the size of the experiments (and thickness of the shields) Distance from accelerator Horizontal vs. vertical access Support infrastructures, personnel (quantity and quality) Scientific Committee: international vs. local (or national), degree of internationality of the community Safety and security policy Other science (geology, biology, engineering, etc.) 28-Aug-09 4
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Highlights from the Gran Sasso underground laboratory 28-Aug-09 6
INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory. Italy 1979 A. Zichichi proposes to the Parliament to build a large underground laboratory close to the Gran Sasso freeway tunnel, under construction 1982 the Parliament approves the construction, finished in 1987 •1400 m rock overburden (3.2 km w.e.) •Flat cross-section •Neutron flux = 3.8±0.3 10 –2 m –2 s –1 –[1.08 (0-0.05 eV); 1.84 (0.05 eV-1 keV); 0.54 (1 keV-2.5 MeV); 0.32 (>2.5 MeV)] • µ flux = 3 x 10 –4 m –2 s –1 (angular depend. measured) • γ flux= 1 × 10 4 m –2 s –1 •Volume 180 000 m 3 , area 17 300 m 2 •Ventilation: 1 lab volume/3.5 h •Radon in air 50-120 Bq/m 3 (less @ experiments) •Support facilities on the surface � Drive in to the experiments � The largest international scientific community � Permanent staff = 80 permanent +23 28-Aug-09 7
ν from Solar ν Supernovae Borexino LVD ν beam from CERN: OPERA ICARUS ββ decay and rare events Dark Matter Cuoricino DAMA/LIBRA; CRESST CUORE; GERDA WARP; XENON Nuclear astrophysics LUNA 28-Aug-09 8
Physics MODULAr perspective •LAr TPC - ICARUS @ 20 kt scale • new facility at shallow depth (1.2 km w.e.) •10 km off axis the CNGS beam line •new neutrino source at CERN 1.6 MW beam power 28-Aug-09 9
The scientific community Experiments are approved by the Director, with advise of International SC. Approval allocates underground area for defined duration Turnover of the experiments 394 from 25 LNGS FOREIGN USERS IN 2006 Countries + USA Russia Germany France 358 from Italy Poland UK Japan Switzerland Tot. Users Ukraine Brazil China Croatia 752 Korea India Israel Others 80 73 67 70 60 60 50 44 The contributions of the 40 cultures of different 26 30 23 22 21 21 Countries are the 20 8 6 6 fundamental component of 10 4 5 4 4 1 the scientific vitality of LNGS 0 A a y e d K n d e l a a a a l s i c n n i e e r i n n a n z i S s U t d a e n p i i r s a a a a a U a h o n r h m a l a l r o u s o r r B C K I t r J r I O R F e k r P C z U e t G i w S 28-Aug-09 10
Training Outreach 17000 visitors/year 17000 visitors/year Alta Formazione 28-Aug-09 11
Seismic shower in the region since January Largest event 6.3 Richter Mag. On April 6th 300 deads; 15 000 injured; 60 000 homeless 28-Aug-09 12
The QUAKE caused an average 25 cm lowering of the ground surface 12x12 km 2 around L’Aquila 28-Aug-09 13
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Top event acceleration Underground lab 0.03 g External lab 0.15 g L’Aquila 0.64 g April 6th to 29th • Limited access • Inspections by LNGS Staff, Civil Protection Engineers, Experts on Structures, Geology and Idrogeology • Agibility / Accurate monitor of the underground site needed May 4th Restart of the normal access and activity 28-Aug-09 15
16 L’Aquila April 6 2009 The QUAKE (MW 6.3) 28-Aug-09
Offices of the Physics Department Faculty of Science L’Aquila (April 6 2009) 28-Aug-09 17
Most of the LNGS staff is homeless INFN actions: • Accomodations inside the Lab and in nearby hotels • Travel expenses reimbursement • Special financial help • Flexible worktime • Children garden 28-Aug-09 18
LNGS hosts since may 11 the teaching activity of the Physics Department 28-Aug-09 19
Plan for the realization of the Gran Sasso Institute, An advanced research and teaching center in Assergi, nearby the Lab (the model is SISSA) LNGS The Gran Sasso Institute idea has been presented in the OECD WORKSHOP in Rome on July 3 28-Aug-09 20
Status and Status and The Boulby Underground Science Facility The Boulby Underground Science Facility Plans Plans (UK) (UK) 2009 2009 28-Aug-09 21
Boulby Science Facility • Boulby is a working potash mine in the North East of England. Operated by Cleveland Potash Ltd – a major local employer. 1100m deep (2805 mwe giving ~10 6 reduction • in CR muons). • Surrounding rock-salt = low activity giving low gamma and radon backgrounds. JIF facilities - 2003 . Peterlee > 1000 m 2, fully Hartlepool Middlesbor Redcar wton Aycliffe equipped underground Billingham ough Stockton Middlesbrough Staithe arlington Inverness s ‘Palmer lab’ Whitb y > Surface support Edinburgh facility. Newcastle Belfast Yor Boulby Mine k Dublin Liverpool Birmingham London Plymouth 28-Aug-09 22
Science @ Boulby Dark Matter Searches @ Boulby Now... Completed NaIAD (NaI – Scint. PSD) Dual Phase Underway ZEPLIN-II Future aims? ZEPLIN I ZEPLIN-III • Continued rare event / low background (Liq Xe – Single Phase) studies: Dark Matter (DRIFT, ZEPLIN?), R&D Nuclear astrophysics (ELENA)? • Future large scale detectors? (LAGUNA) • Centre of excellence for low background DRIFT-II material screening? DRIFT-I • Multidisciplinary Underground Science? R&D (TPC - Directional) Also... ILIAS SKY-ZERO – Ongoing Danish/UK. Cosmic Rays & • JRA1 climatology study • N2 Misc Low Background Studies • TARI • Neutron Background measurements (NUTs) • Muon-induced neutrons (Z-II veto study) Active contributor in both • High sensitivity Ge detector measuremen ts ILIAS and ILIAS-next EU • Radon emanation Measurements lab programmes 28-Aug-09 23
Future Expansion? Boulby compares WELL with EU and world sites: depth, backgrounds, local support, running costs and expansion potential. The potential for expansion @ Boulby is excellent Space available in existing lab & lots of existing tunnels to exploit. New tunnels cheap to cut. New and deeper rock types available (harder rock – bigger labs) Tried and tested as a site for supporting science (from 1988 – today) STRONG local support CPL (the mine owners) are supportive of pursuing expansion of physics and science hosted. CPL hosting gives the UK a WORLD CLASS facility at relatively low cost 28-Aug-09 24
Laboratorio Subterraneo de Canfranc. LSC •850 m rock overburden (2.4 km w.e.) •Neutron flux = 2 × 10 –2 m –2 s –1 •µ flux = 2-4 × 10 –3 m –2 s –1 (site dependent) • γ flux= 1.9±0.2 × 10 4 m –2 s –1 •Radon 50-80 Bq/m 3 •Ventilation: 11 000 m 3 /h (one volume in 40’) •Underground area 1000 m 2 •Support facilities on the surface under construction •Scientific programme being defined � Horizontal access, drive-in to the experiments � Staff (being hired) = 12 positions •Works to recover from anomalies of the original project being TAUP 2003 done (Saragossa University) 1986 A. Morales creates the first Canfranc Laboratory ( ≈ 100 m 2 ) close to a non-used railway tunnel 2005 Morales compeltes the new laboratory between the new free way tunnel and the railway tunnel Old lab (since 1986) ANAIS . DM. Modulation with NaI ROSEBUD. DM. R&D for EURECA Other R&D, low radioactivity measurements 28-Aug-09 25
Experimental halls A, B and C 600 m 2 (40x15x12) Hall A 150 m 2 (15x10x7) Hall B Depth: 800 m Muons: 0.47 μ x 10 –2 m m –2 s –1 Hall C Ventilation: 11.000 m 3 /h RECONSTRUCTION/REINFORCEMENT CIVIL WORKS STARTED IN JUNE. FORESEEN DURATION = 10 MONTHS 28-Aug-09 26
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