THE 63 RD ANNUAL NEW MEXICO WATER CONFERENCE October 18, 2018 Treatment Technologies for Alternative Water Sources and Qualities Pei Xu, PhD Civil Engineering Department
Development of Alternative Water Supplies is Crucial for Water Security Elevated Salinity High sodium adsorption ratio Produced Water Contaminants of Water Reuse Water Scarcity emerging concerns Desalination Concentrate
Challenges of Alternative Water Supplies Water quality concerns High cost Intensive energy demand Concentrate and waste management Need Innovative Approaches Short-term solutions: Long-term solutions: Modify and optimize current Develop next generation technologies of technologies
Highlights of Treatment Technologies Produced water treatment Selective electrodialysis for non-potable water use High recovery desalination system
Produced Water Quality Source: Benko and Drewes (2008)
Produced Water Quality Hydraulic Fracking Source: Benko and Drewes (2008)
Produced Water Quality Hydraulic Fracking Salt tolerant crops Source: Benko and Drewes (2008)
Produced Water Quality Hydraulic Fracking Salt tolerant crops Livestock Drinking water Salt sensitive crops Source: Benko and Drewes (2008)
Treatment Technology Assessment Review identified 62 fundamental treatment technologies and integrated systems/processes Commercial status of technology Feed and product water quality Removal efficiencies Water recovery Infrastructure considerations Energy consumption Chemical demand Life cycle O&M considerations
Produced Water Treatment Decision Support Tool
Technology Summary Produced Water Pre-treatment Treatment/Desalination TDS Bins (mg/L) Waste Disposal Removal of: Deep Well TSS Injection Organics < 10,000 10,000 – 40,000 40,000 – 70,000 > 70,000 Hardness Disinfection Mature, cost Mature, less Moderate Emerging, intensive, costly, mature, cost existing existing moderate costly intensive technology technology technology technology - SWRO - RO/NF - MVC - FO - BWRO - ED/EDR - MED - MD Reuse for hydraulic fracturing (No desalination required) Reuse for other purposes Beneficial Use (potable use, aquifer recharge, irrigation, industrial, etc.) Recovery of valuable products and energy (I 2 , NaCl, NH 4 Cl, MgCl 2 , Na 2 CO 3 , etc.)
Online Resources for Produced Water
Highlights of Treatment Technologies Produced water treatment and beneficial reuse Selective electrodialysis for non-potable water use High recovery desalination system
High Sodium to Hardness Ratio Resulted in Reuse Challenges SAR = Sodium Adsorption Ratio SAR = [Na + ] / {([Ca 2+ ] + [Mg 2+ ]) / 2} 1/2 (use meql units) ≤3 6 to 9 > 9
Selective Electrodialysis for ZLD of Reclaimed Water Cooling Water Reclaimed water Salty Reclaimed Water with low hardness, higher salinity Na + Na + Na 2 SO 4 Na + Ca 2+ Wetland Na + NaCl Na + Ion SO 4 2- Switcher Mg 2+ SO 4 2- Cl - CaSO 4 Ca 2+ MgCl 2 CaCl 2 Cl - Na + Irrigation Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Reclaimed water with low sodium, lower salinity
Selective Membrane Coating
Pilot Site Development
Modeling and Full Scale Design Data Fitting and Mathematical Modeling Bench Testing Water and Salt Balance, Process Modeling Cost Analysis Full Scale Design WATSYS: Specialty EDR Projection Model by GE (Normal Grade Membrane Only) Pilot Testing
Scottsdale Blending Analysis and Cost Comparison – 1 MGD Reclaimed Water (4-stage) Baseline Alternative Alternative 1A Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Normal EDR - Normal EDR - UF + RO Selective EDR WATSYS Testing Feed Water Flow (mgd) 1 Feed Water Sodium (mg/L) 235 Overall Recovery 88% 93% 92% 94% Unit Recovery 85% 90% 90% 90% Product Water Sodium (mg/L) 110 Product TDS (mg/L) 530 522 433 634 Number of Stages - 4 4 4 $6.1 $6.5 $7.6 $6.5 Capital ($/gpd product flow) $1.09 $0.88 $0.83 $0.81 O&M ($/kgal) Selective ED achieved higher water recovery and 26% cost reduction treating municipal reclaimed water
Highlights of Treatment Technologies Produced water treatment and beneficial reuse Selective electrodialysis for non-potable water use, e.g., irrigation and thermal power plant cooling water High recovery desalination system
Highlights of Research Projects Produced water treatment and beneficial reuse Selective electrodialysis for non-potable water use, e.g., irrigation and thermal power plant cooling water High recovery desalination system
High Recovery Desalination Source: Aquamembranes Source: Eco1st
Pei Xu: pxu@nmsu.edu
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