Treatment and Use of Treatment and Use of Sewage Sludge Sewage - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Workshop on Knowledge and Practices of Using Treated Sewage Sludge on Land Treatment and Use of Treatment and Use of Sewage Sludge Sewage Sludge Review of COST 68/681 Review of COST 68/681 Developments around the Developments around the Sludge to Land Directive Sludge to Land Directive Jeremy Hall Jeremy Hall

Development of Sludge Use Development of Sludge Use 1859 John Mechi ‘ ‘sewage is the life sewage is the life- -blood of the nation blood of the nation’ ’ 1859 John Mechi 200 t London sewage = 3½ ½ cwt (178 kg) of guano cwt (178 kg) of guano 200 t London sewage = 3 1908 Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal – – sludge sludge 1908 Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal considered as relatively poor source of plant nutrients considered as relatively poor source of plant nutrients 1909 Board of Agriculture and Fisheries recommends sludge 1909 Board of Agriculture and Fisheries recommends sludge as a very slow acting manure as a very slow acting manure 1937 MAFF advises sewage sludges are not very promising 1937 MAFF advises sewage sludges are not very promising as a source of plant food as a source of plant food 1940s Rothamsted pessimistic about agronomic value Rothamsted pessimistic about agronomic value 1940s 1946 USA Federation of Sewage Works Authorities 1946 USA Federation of Sewage Works Authorities Manual of Practice No. 2 on ‘ ‘Utilization of Sewage Utilization of Sewage Manual of Practice No. 2 on Sludge as Fertilizer’ ’ Sludge as Fertilizer 1954 Ministry of Housing and Local Government recommends 1954 Ministry of Housing and Local Government recommends liquid sludge application to land liquid sludge application to land 1950/60s Marked increase in mineral N use and rapid Marked increase in mineral N use and rapid 1950/60s expansion of sludge use on farmland expansion of sludge use on farmland

Development of Sludge Use Development of Sludge Use 1960 Fertiliser replacement advice Fertiliser replacement advice - - 250 kg N/ha in 25 t/ha raw 250 kg N/ha in 25 t/ha raw 1960 sludge, N fertiliser adjusted assuming 50- -60% availability 60% availability sludge, N fertiliser adjusted assuming 50 1966 Coker demonstrated N value of liquid sludge Coker demonstrated N value of liquid sludge 1966 1970 ‘ 1970 ‘Taken for Granted Taken for Granted’ ’ report report Working Party on Sewage Disposal Working Party on Sewage Disposal 1971 ADAS 10 Guidelines ADAS 10 Guidelines 1971 1972 EC DGXII initiates COST 68 EC DGXII initiates COST 68 1972 1977 Working Party on Disposal of Sewage Sludge to Land Working Party on Disposal of Sewage Sludge to Land 1977 1979 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 1979 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Seventh Report ‘ ‘Agriculture and Pollution Agriculture and Pollution’ ’ Seventh Report 1981 Report of Committee on the Disposal of Sewage Sludge Report of Committee on the Disposal of Sewage Sludge 1981 1982 EC Directive proposal EC Directive proposal 1982 1986 Publication of EC Directive Publication of EC Directive 1986 1989 Implementation of EC Directive 1989 Implementation of EC Directive 1990 COST 681 ends COST 681 ends 1990

What is COST What is COST • European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and • European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research Technical Research • An intergovernmental European framework for international • An intergovernmental European framework for international co- -operation between nationally funded research activities operation between nationally funded research activities co • Add value to non- -competitive and pre competitive and pre- -normative research normative research • Add value to non • Secretariat provided by EC (originally DGXII) • Secretariat provided by EC (originally DGXII) • The oldest European networking system in research, • The oldest European networking system in research, established in 1971 established in 1971 • Still going, currently consists of 34 Member Countries and Member Countries and • Still going, currently consists of 34 one cooperating state one cooperating state

COST 68 COST 68 • Origin in 1967 Origin in 1967 (PRESETT Group) • (PRESETT Group) • COST 68 from 1972 COST 68 from 1972 • (33 labs, 13 countries, 3 study groups) (33 labs, 13 countries, 3 study groups) • COST 68 bis from 1977 COST 68 bis from 1977 (14 countries) • (14 countries) • COST 68 ter from 1981 COST 68 ter from 1981 (15 countries) • (15 countries) Five working parties: Five working parties: 1. Sludge Processing Sludge Processing 1. 2. Chemical Pollution of Sludge Chemical Pollution of Sludge 2. 3. Biological Pollution of Sludge Biological Pollution of Sludge 3. 4. Valorisation of Sludge Valorisation of Sludge 4. 5. Environmental Effects of Sludge Environmental Effects of Sludge 5.

COST 681 COST 681 • COST 681 from 1983 ending in 1990 COST 681 from 1983 ending in 1990 • • Incorporated liquid agricultural wastes Incorporated liquid agricultural wastes • • Five working parties: Five working parties: • 1. Processing of Organic Sludge and Liquid Agricultural Wastes Processing of Organic Sludge and Liquid Agricultural Wastes 1. 2. Chemical Contamination of Organic Sludge and Soil 2. Chemical Contamination of Organic Sludge and Soil 3. Hygienic Aspects of Treatment and Use of Organic Sludge Hygienic Aspects of Treatment and Use of Organic Sludge 3. 4. Agricultural Value of Organic Sludge and Liquid Agricultural Agricultural Value of Organic Sludge and Liquid Agricultural 4. Wastes Wastes 5. Environmental Effects of Organic Sludge and Liquid Environmental Effects of Organic Sludge and Liquid 5. Agricultural Wastes Agricultural Wastes

Host Countries of Working Party Host Countries of Working Party Workshops & Conferences Workshops & Conferences WP1 WP1 WP2 WP2 WP3 WP3 WP4 WP4 WP5 WP5 Int.Conf. Int.Conf. 1978 UK/CH D DK F CH/B 1978 UK/CH D DK F CH/B 1979 F UK I/NL F D/B F 1979 F UK I/NL F D/B F 1980 I/S I UK NL D/NL/F A 1980 I/S I UK NL D/NL/F A 1981 D B UK D I 1981 D B UK D I 1982 CH/B CH CH/I N UK 1982 CH/B CH CH/I N UK 1983 IR NL SF S S UK 1983 IR NL SF S S UK 1984 1984 GR GR D D D D I I D D 1985 1985 UK/NL UK/NL D/F D/F F F DK DK CH CH I I 1986 1986 1987 D/S/F IR IR E E 1987 D/S/F IR IR E E 1988 I B NL CH CH NL 1988 I B NL CH CH NL 1989 S UK UK 1989 S UK UK 1990 UK/SF D D GR 1990 UK/SF D D GR

Coordination with Other Networks Coordination with Other Networks • DGVI Effluents from Intensive Livestock – – 1973 1973- -82 82 • DGVI Effluents from Intensive Livestock • FAO European Network on Animal Waste Utilisation • FAO European Network on Animal Waste Utilisation (now RAMIRAN) – – since 1974 since 1974 (now RAMIRAN) • FAO Odour Group • FAO Odour Group • • EC Composting Group EC Composting Group • IWA Specialist Group on Sludge Management • IWA Specialist Group on Sludge Management • IWA Sludge Network – – since 1975 since 1975 • IWA Sludge Network • EWA Working Group on Sludge • EWA Working Group on Sludge • CEN/TC 308 Characterisation of Water Cycle Sludge • CEN/TC 308 Characterisation of Water Cycle Sludge Working Group 1 Working Group 1 - - Analytical methods (CEN standards) Analytical methods (CEN standards) Working Group 2 - - Codes of good practice Codes of good practice Working Group 2 Working Group 3 - - To preserve and extend sludge outlets To preserve and extend sludge outlets Working Group 3

Papers published by EC Papers published by EC in Proceedings and Reports in Proceedings and Reports • WP1 257 in 16 publications • WP1 257 in 16 publications • WP2 63 in 9 publications • WP2 63 in 9 publications • WP3 237 in 23 publications • WP3 237 in 23 publications • WP4 245 in 20 publications • WP4 245 in 20 publications • WP5 173 in 17 publications • WP5 173 in 17 publications Total 975 papers Total 975 papers