Tracing Synergies and Trade-off Across Water-Energy Food Nexus: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Tracing Synergies and Trade-off Across Water-Energy Food Nexus: Practical Benefits and Challenges Knowledge sharing workshop on adopting Water-Energy- Food Nexus Approach in India JSPS (Japan) and DST (India) Joint Research Seminar 5-9 September, 2017 NITTTR, Chennai, India Bijon Kumer Mitra Senior Water Resource Specialist

Importance of water food energy security have been well acknowledged in SDGs 2 2

Where are we now? Food Globally, 795 million people remain undernourished (FAO, IFAD and WFP 2015) Nearly 1 in 10 people live without clean safe water Water (WHO and UNICEF, 2012) Energy Nearly 1.2 million people have no access to Electricity (IEA, 2016) 3 3

where are we heading for? Food, water and energy security are not going to be ensured Food Food demand + 50% Risk to Security of Supply Water Energy 40% Annual elec. shortfall by demand +5% Challenges Inadequate legislation Resource intensive Finance Population and enforcement lifestyle Uncoordinated sectoral Economic Resource intensive Knowledge gap planning growth production system 4 4

Water, Food and energy security are not in an isolated but nexus manner Agriculture accounts about 80% of water withdrawals About 7% of total Indian agricultural world’s energy sector accounts 18% of consumption is the total electricity accounted for water consumption (CWC, delivery (Hoffman, 2010) 2004) Incentives to bio-fuel production By 2050, Indian energy sector’s are the cause of rising global water demand will reach to 90 food price, put burden on the BCM, which is about 8% of total poor (World Bank, 2008) utilizable water (IGES, 2013) 5 5

Trade-off and synergistic relationship in WFEN Trade-off relationship Cause Effect End hunger, Ensure access to achieve food affordable, reliable, security and sustainable and improved nutrition, modern energy for and promote all sustainable agriculture Target 7.2: By 2030, increase Reduce substantially the share of renewable land Reduce agricultural food production energy in the global energy mix availability Synergistic relationship Effect Cause Goal 6: Ensure Ensure access to availability and affordable, reliable, sustainable sustainable and management of modern energy for water and sanitation all for all Reduce Target 7.3: By 2030, double the global water Increase water availability for other use rate of improvement in energy demand efficiency for power generation 6 6

Key questions to achieve water, food and energy security  What solutions and strategies can be carried out to close identified gaps between resource demand and supply  How we can identify and enhance synergies and minimize trade-off within the resource supply-demand systems.  What are the key enabling factors and conditions can lead to collective achievement of water, energy and food security 7 7

Nexus thinking and nexus debate are gaining attention in policy and academic circles Dresden nexus conference NC Nexus Conf. UN-ESCAP published The status WWDR-5 WFEN in AP on WEN. Bonn Nexus conference Energy was acknowledged as pillar of Nexus at Kyoto World Water Forum FEE nexus conf. in Brazil UNU FE Nexus programme 2017 2011 2013 2014 1983 1984 2003 8 8

How is the nexus approach different from IWRM WFE Nexus IWRM Priority Equal priority to all Tends to prioritize a particular sectors sector, i.e. water Principle Integrated policy Good governance principle solutions principle Participation Promote collaboration Stakeholder involvement in through multi- decision making stakeholder platform Decision making Environmentally and Efficient allocation and economically rational equitable access decision making Sustainable Resource security Demand management development 9 9

WFEN approach brings opportunity of maximize synergies Accelerate access Increase policy coherence Create more with End waste minimize less losses Mobilize consumer Value natural influence infrastructure 10 10

Our WFEN research in India and South Asia 11 11

Water supply-demand gap scenario- Case of India 1000 No surface water left to meet additional demand beyond 2040 800 Surface water resources Billion Cubic Meter Energy 600 Industry 400 Agriculture 200 Domestic Total surface water 0 demand 2010 2030 2050 Overuse of water in the production cycles results from low water use efficiency is the main reason of this large gap 12 12

Conflict of interest between energy sector and other water users over water (Case of India) In Madhay Pradesh, power cuts was made to alleviate the water shortage in the region in 2006 (Source: The Hindustan Times, 2006) Parli thermal power plant in In Orissa State, farmers Maharashtra were shut protested the increasing rate down because of severe of water allocation for water shortage in the thermal power and industrial Marathwada region (NDTV, use (UNEP Finance Initiative, 2013) 2010) Opposition to Adani power In Kerala, power cuts projects is growing in local ordered to deal with water community due to threats to scarcity in 2008 when drinking water and irrigation monsoon rainfall was 65% water availability (The Times less than normal (Source: of India, 2011) Thaindian News, 2008) 13 13

Potential long-term electricity supply mix to deal will water scarcity in India Source: IGES, 2013 14 14

Water scarcity mitigation options in energy sector Gradual transition to more water efficient cooling technology options 30000 2010 2030 2050 30000 2010 2030 2050 25000 25000 20000 20000 MCM MCM 15000 15000 10000 10000 5000 5000 0 0 S1 (BAU) S3 S1 (BAU) S2 S1:25% of the thermal power capacity will continue with open loop cooling system S2: All open loop system will be phase out by 2030 S3: open loop cooling system will be replaced by dry cooling system by 2030 15 15

Policy intervention to restrict water use for thermal power plants-Case of India Need approx. 3 billion USD investment (Source: Bosh, 2016) Source: Mitra et al., 2016 16 16

Lets be hopeful and helpful for positive nexus! 17 17

Potential of irrigation WUE improvement in India 18 18

Huge potential of irrigation WUE- Case of India From Current 40% WUE level to 70% WUE level But needs billions dollar investment 12 10 Billion USD 8 6 4 2 0 20% WUE 30% WUE 20% WUE 30% WUE GDP gain Investment Source: Prepared based on Taheripuri et al. 2016 19 19

A nexus solution: Shifts the subsidy amount from power supply to WUE  Low yield  Low WUE Real tariff × × 5 bill USD Irrigated  Low EE Government Save 102 BCM Low priced Electricity Subsidy Agriculture  High budget Budget burden 5 bill USD Save 82000 GWh Subsidy Irrigated Agriculture 72 mill. tons WUE Gain 6.6 bill. Optimum supply of water Technology GDP USD 20 20

Integrating spatial distribution of water resources in development plan -case from Ganga River basin More water demand sub-basin and zone of water scarcity 40 30 sub-basin with water BCM 20 surplus and potential 10 zone of future power 0 plant development S D S D 2011 2040 40 30 20 BCM 40 10 30 0 BCM 20 S D S D 10 2011 2040 0 40 S D S D 30 BCM 20 2011 2040 10 Moderate Supply and Falling in the zone of 0 Demand with large water scarcity in terms of S D S D number of existing supply and also location 2011 2040 thermal power plants of existing thermal power S: Supply D: Demand plants 21 21

Enabling Framework for Operationalization of “Nexus Approach” Regulate/pr Regulations omote and policy nexus smart instrument Coordination investment of sectoral strategies Joint visioning and shared goals 22 22

Thank you very much For further contact: Bijon Kumer Mitra Senior Water Resource Specialist Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi Hayama, Japan 240-0115 E-mail: b-mitra@iges.or.jp