Global Information Systems: Tools Prof. Dr. Jan M. Pawlowski Autumn 2013
The Open Unified Process – Disciplines Architecture Requirements – Architecture Notebook – Supporting Requirements Configuration and Change Specification Management – Vision Development – Use Case – Design – Glossary – Build – Use-Case Model – Developer Test Test – Implementation – Test Case Project Management – Test Log – Iteration Plan – Test Script – Project Plan – Work Items List Roles – Risk List Artefacts / Support [Source: http://www.epfwiki.net/wikis/openup/]
Knowledge management and learning in virtual teams Need to find, extract, share and re-use knowledge in development processes
Knowledge management approaches human-oriented technology-oriented knowledge management personalization codification strategy documented comprehension knowledge is contained in knowledge; detached of knowledge peoples head from employees actors/roles knowledge worker, networks, authors, experts, and communities of interest knowledge broker knowledge managements interactive knowledge integrative knowledge systems managements systems management systems (KMS) publication, structuring prior knowledge communication and and integration, search, management cooperation, locating of presentation and system experts, community-support visualization of functions knowledge elements
Knowledge management process strategy processes Knowledge Knowledge Identification Use instruments/ systems content/ Knowledge Knowledge topic Acquisition Preservation knowledge base Knowledge Knowledge Development Distribution processes knowledge life cycle [Probst, 1997] [Remus, 2002]
Knowledge management: success factors Organizational culture Management support Common vision and understanding Holistic, integrated approach Continuous participation Multiple communication channels Technical and organizational infrastructure Motivational factors
Knowledge management in a global context: known issues General barriers: lack of time, lack of infrastructure, fears Communication Culture …
Context Global Stakeholders Knowledge Society Organization Individual Management Instruments Intervention A Intervention B Intervention N Framework Human-based Processes Resources instruments External Processes Business Processes Infrastructures Strategies Knowledge Processes Technologies and Knowledge Problems tools Validation, Feedback, Improvement Results … Performance Knowledge Culture
Knowledge management in a global context: ideas for solutions Knowledge communities – Based on a regional / local approach – Trust building in smaller groups Context awareness – Getting to know norms, values, … – Contextualized knowledge Multilingual infrastructure, communication support Time allocation, Rewards, reputation User involvement Knowledge facilitators User generated content (Web 2.0 applications)
Tools Process Design Coordination Tools Awareness Tools Specific Tools (Translation) Simple support mechanisms! – Culture Clouds
Collaboration tools Collaborative tools – Development environment – Administration tools – Workflow tools – … Virtual management tools – Document library – Shared calendar – Online meetings (video- / phone conferencing) – Online scheduling and planning – Discussion forum – Awareness tools (IM, location-based tools) Knowledge management tools
Coordination Tools (World View, Sarma, 2008) Source: http://www.cse.unl.edu/~asarma/research.html
Coordination Tools (Tessaract, Sarma, 2009) Source: http://www.cse.unl.edu/~asarma/research.html
Social Software “ Social Software enables an interactive way of collaboration, managing content and connecting to online networks with other people. It supports the desire of users to be pulled into groups in order to achieve their personal goals” (Wever, Mechant, Veevaete & Hauttekeete 2007)
Enterprise 2.0 Social Software in global settings Collaboration Awareness Documentation Customer engagement Interaction with stakeholders … But what does … really improve our work and global operations?
Global IS barriers Barrier Description Do the collaborators share the same language, skills Cultural and as well as cultural norms, corporate culture, language distance interpretations etc. Most occurred barrier in Noll et al, (2010) analysis on collaboration barriers in GSD. Geographical Distributed collaboration (within a country or cross- border). Third most occurred barrier in Noll et al, distance (2010) analysis on collaboration barriers in GSD. Temporal distance Distributed collaboration (Time-zone differences). Second most occurred barrier in Noll et al, (2010) analysis on collaboration barriers in GSD. Lack of trust Geographic, temporal, and cultural distance have a significant impact on trust among globally distributed team members (Noll et al , 2010) Infrastructure In distributed collaboration teams and employees must rely on technology to support the communication (Noll et al , 2010) Pirkkalainen & Pawlowski 2011
Social Media Kietzmann et al. 2011
Social Software in KM activities and tasks Not all tools are meant to Knowledge Management Tasks support all knowledge creation, building, anticipation or generation steps/tasks acquisition, appropriation or adoption identification, capture, articulation or extraction collection, gathering or accumulation (legally) securing Identifying conversion organization, linking and embedding formalization storage Collection, modification, collaboration refinement or development distribution, diffusion, transfer or Annotation sharing presentation or formatting application, deploying or exploiting review, revision or evolution of knowledge Sharing, awareness Source: (Maier, 2004)
Some simple steps to match barriers, activities/processes and social software tools… Design KM Process: Map Social Software Applications to Barriers and Knowledge Processes Awareness Creation Identify Knowledge Implementation Activities and Barriers Change Management Validate, Improve
Knowledge Activities and Tools
From barriers to tools… Tool Purpose Key End user KM Activities & processes Main Barriers category Functionality Organizational, Blogging tools Communication -Post writings -Active & passive exchange of Cultural, Social -Comment on professional information (Fiedler & writings Welpe 2011). -Share writing -Acquire / capture / create, Organizational Apply/share/transfer. Incentive for (Zhang 2010), (external/internal) (Reuse/innovate/evolve/transform), Fitness to task -Evaluate writings alerting (Avram 2006) (Thom-Santelli -Extend with -Knowledge Evolution (Zheng & 2010) plugins / integrate Zheng 2010) Cognitive (Kim to other systems -Idea-generation and problem- 2008) -RSS (alerts) solving (Zhang 2010) -Externalization, combination (Chatti et al, 2007) -Creation, codification, sharing, collaboration, organization (Razmerita 2009) Micro- Connection / -Post micro -Retrieve knowledge for use Organizational, blogging tools awareness. writings (Zheng & Zheng 2010), Social -Comment / -Enhancing information sharing share / evaluate (easy to identify information Fitness to task micro writings updates), building common (Thom-Santelli -Share material / ground, sustaining connectedness 2010), Information via among colleagues, supporting Social (trust) micro writings informal communication (Zhao & (Zhao & Rosson -Manage profile Rosson 2009) 2009) (notifications -Alerting, informing users of (RSS), privacy) changes (Levy 2009; Avram 2006) -Follow other -Socialization, combination (Chatti users et al, 2007) -Send direct messages
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