The “Use Phase”; Choice and Behavior T. Gutowski, April 2009, 2.83 & 2.813 1
The use phase often dominates 87% 87% 79% Results for the automobile 2 Source: Sullivan & Cobas-Flores (2001), Cheah Full Vehicle LCAs: A Review , SAE 2001-01-3725
From a product point of view- The Use Phase usually dominates for anything with a gas tank or a power cord 3
4
Energy Impact Intensities Mean Energy 60.0 50.0 40.0 Energy (MJ/$) 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Food, Diet, Alcohol Housing, Furniture, Home Utilities, Apparel, Services Transportation Services, Personal Insurance and Tax, Government Maintenance Fuel Investment Services Category From our ELSA study 5
CO 2 Impact Intensities Mean CO2 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 CO2 (KG/$) 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Food, Diet, Alcohol Housing, Furniture, Home Utilities, Apparel, Services Transportation Services, Personal Insurance and Tax, Government Maintenance Fuel Investment Services Category From our ELSA study 6
Toxics Impact Intensity Mean Toxics 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 Toxics (G/$) 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Food, Diet, Alcohol Housing, Furniture, Home Utilities, Apparel, Services Transportation Services, Personal Insurance and Tax, Government -0.50 Maintenance Fuel Investment Services From our ELSA study 7 Category
Transportation energy use, US Fay & Golomb 8
Modes of Transportation http://strickland.ca/efficiency.html 9
http://strickland.ca/efficiency.html 10
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From Smil (Energy p 141-3) GMC Yukon 3.3 MJ/p-km (2 people) Chevy Tahoe (2) 3.3 MJ/p-km Boeing 747-400 2 MJ/p-km Boeing 777 1.5 MJ/p-km Toyota Prius 1.2 MJ/p-km Japanese 0.4 MJ/p-km “Shinkansen” French TGV 0.4 MJ/p-km 12
Gasoline 43MJ/kg, 31MJ/L 0.71 g/cm3 mpg L/100km MJ/km 10 24 7.4 25 9.5 2.9 30 8 2.5 40 6 1.9 50 4.8 1.4 75 3.2 1.0 100 2.4 0.7 13
Tata Nano Advertised Under $2500 4 passenger 47 mpg If it can get 40mpg With 2 people ~ 1 MJ/p-km 14
Energy Uses for an Automobile Source: Pinkus and Wilcock, The Role of Tribology in Energy Conservation, Lubrication Engineering, 34 (11), 15 pp. 599-610 via www.chevron.com
Driving Behavior • Maintenance • Speed • Acceleration • Stop and Go • Warm up • Idle time • Number of passengers • Length of trip 16 Source: Beaton et al (1995), On-Road vehicle emissions , Science 268, 991-993
Vehicle Size Vehicle weight-fuel consumption relationship for US vehicles 25.0 Fuel consumption (L/100km) 20.0 15.0 y = 0.0059x + 1.2346 R 2 = 0.7303 10.0 5.0 0.0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Curb weight (kg) 17 Cheah
Technology and how you use it 2006 Honda Honda Honda Toyota Regular Accord Civic Insight Prius hybrids Accord MPG 28 50 56 55 28 18 Cheah
The New York Times March 30, 2006 19
Average annual miles traveled per car in the US 13,000 12,500 12,000 11,500 11,000 10,500 10,000 9,500 9,000 8,500 8,000 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20 Source: FHWA, US DOT
Vehicle km & V-km/Liter FIGURE 9: Motor Vehicle Travel ( Q ) and the Efficiency of Motor Vehicle Travel ( e ) (US) g 8 5000 7 4000 6 Efficiency 5 3000 4 2000 3 Quantity 2 1000 1 0 0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 21 Year Dahmus
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Air Travel FIGURE A8: Resources Consumed ( R ) in f Passenger Air Travel (US airlines) 80 60 40 20 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Dahmus 23
From Smil (Energy p 141-3) GMC Yukon 3.3 MJ/p-km (2 people) Chevy Tahoe (2) 3.3 MJ/p-km Boeing 747-400 2 MJ/p-km Boeing 777 1.5 MJ/p-km Toyota Prius 1.2 MJ/p-km Japanese 0.4 MJ/p-km “Shinkansen” French TGV 0.4 MJ/p-km 24
25 Lee, Waitz
Babikain, Waitz 26
Air Travel - Mann, March 2003 27
Bicycles in Amsterdam (according to Whitt & Wilson bicycling on the level is about 4 times more energy efficient than walking) 28
“high tech” bicycle taxi 29
Bicycle Safety See Smil’s Table A 14 30
Residential energy use in US Fay & Golomb 31
Energy Cost of Heating and Cooling ~ 9% Total 32
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34
Thermographic photography shows heat loss 2009 Geograph Nat’l 35
Calculating heat loss in buildings: 1) SI units, 2) US/British units http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heat-loss-buildings-d_113.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/thermo/heatloss.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/thermo/heatloss.html 37
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39
R19 would require Something like 8 inches of Blown fiberglass and No leaks, windows etc… 40
Heating Degree days in the Northeast, NOAA ~6200 41
Cooling Degree Days Southwest, NOAA Cooling 42
Energy Star recommended Air exchange: Northeast typical 1.5hrs “air tight” 5hrs 43
Residential energy use in US Fay & Golomb 44
Default values for power used in appliances source LBNL Default Values* Idle (Watts) In Use (Watts) Lights # of bulbs watts per bulb Fixture 1, 4 x 40 watt bulbs 4 40 0 160 Fixture 2, 2 x 60 watt bulbs 2 60 0 120 Fixture 3, 2 x 40 watt bulbs 2 40 0 80 Fixture 4, 1 x 60 watt bulb 1 60 0 60 Fixture 5, 1 x 11 watt bulb 1 11 0 11 Fixture 6, 1 x 25 watt bulb 1 25 0 25 Fans, etc Portable Air Cleaner Electric 0 50 Desk Fan 0 30 Floor Fan 0 30 Cleaning Clotheswasher 0 269.2 Clothes dryer 0 4500 Iron 0 1100 Vaccuum 0 650 Hand-Held Electric Vacuum 0 300 Hygiene Men's Shaver 1.4 15 Women's Shaver 1.4 15 Curling Iron 0 25 Hair Dryer 0 710 Hand Held Massager 0 15 Heating Pads 0 60 45
Default values for power used in appliances source LBNL Kitchen Can Opener 0 100 Blender 0 300 Juicer 0 125 Hand Mixers 0 150 Stand Mixers 0 100 Auto Coffee Maker 70 1500 Espresso Maker 0 360 Hot Plate 0 1250 Electric Stove Burner 0 1250 Electric Kettle 0 1500 Microwave 3.1 1500 Air Corn Popper 0 1400 Hot Oil Corn Popper 0 575 Slow Cooker 0 200 Electric grill 0 1800 Waffle Iron/Sandwhich Grill 0 1200 Dishwasher 0 694 Refrigerator 6.1 571 Entertainment Audio Stand-alone Boom Box 2.2 4.8 Mini-System 9.4 34 Clock Radio 1.7 8.3 46
Default values for power used in appliances source LBNL Audio Components (add together as appropriate) Amplifier 1.4 31 Cassette Deck 2.7 2 CD Player 3.1 16 DVD Player 4.5 20 Equalizer 3.1 52 Power Speaker 4.6 5.8 Preamp/Tuner 2.4 18 Rack 3.2 6.2 Receiver 1.8 6.7 Tuner 2 6.2 Video Games 2 20 Color TV 4 77 Projection Color TV 2.2 150 Satellite Earth Station 14.9 15 Cable Boxes 11.6 20 Rechargeable Toy/Game 2.2 Miscellaneous Cell Phone Charger 8.6 8.6 Cordless Phone 1.1 1.1 Cordless Power Tool 0.63 0.63 Multi-Purpose Battery Charger 0.2 0.2 * Values from LBNL 47
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Allwood 49
Allwood 50
51
52 BBC
Vs Li + Can technology substitute for nature? 53
54
Refrigerators Average Average Activity Time Period Annual _e/e Annual _Q/Q Refrigeration 1960-2006 -0.4% 2.5% 1960-1969 -5.9% 3.6% 1970-1979 -5.1% 2.9% 1980-1989 1.7% 2.3% 1990-1999 4.6% 1.9% 2000-2006 3.7% 2.5% FIGURE 18: Average Annual _Q/Q versus Average Annual _ e/e for Refrigeration (US data) h 4% 1960 -1969 in Refrigeration h FIGURE A10: Resources Consumed ( R ) 500 1970 -1979 3% 1960 -2006 1980 -1989 400 1990 -1999 2% 300 2000 -2006 200 1% 100 0% -6% -4% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 0 Average Annual _e/e 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Dahmus 55
Electronics Appliances 56
Electronics used in the home Luckyanova 57
Electronics used in the home Luckyanova 58
Improvements in DVD Power 59
Increasing size of TV screens 60
Printing 61
Household printing 7500 sheet/3yrs, 5% active, 95%idle Luckyanova
Office printing 6000 sheets/Mo 63 Boustani
64 Boustani
From a Xerox Report Boustani 65
66
Energy of Driving ISSUES •Type of car •Number of occupants •Driving style •Life cycle components •Distance •Energy consumed by driver? •Car warmed up? 67
Energy used in walking ISSUES •Basic metabolic rate •Extra energy expenditure •Health •Fitness •Size •Speed 68
Energy used in food production ACCORDING TO SMIL (p 297-298) •Beef 80-110 MJ/kg •Chicken 27-30 MJ/kg •Milk 5-7 MJ/kg 69
Food Calories (kcal) ACCORDING TO THE JOY OF COOKING •Lean beef 140 kcal for 3 oz •Rib roast 375 kcal/3 oz •Chicken 183 kcal/3.5 oz •Milk 160 kcal/cup 70
Estimates for Energy Cost of Walking 2 miles or 3.2 km Estimate from Smil and Pacific Institute ~ 112kcal/km Hence for 3.2 km = 358.4 kcal (1.5 MJ) This requires 7.7 oz (219g)of lean beef Energy cost to produce beef = 17. 5 to 24 MJ Or 6.9 oz chicken = 5.5 MJ Compare to 25 mpg car 2.9MJ/km x 3.2 km = 9.3 MJ 71
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