SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino The cerium experiment: CeSOX Outlook The chromium experiment: CrSOX Perspectives and conclusions The SOX experiment Jonathan Gaffiot on behalf of the SOX collaboration CNRS / APC September 12, 2014 Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 1 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino The cerium experiment: CeSOX Outlook The chromium experiment: CrSOX Perspectives and conclusions Outlook SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino 1 The scientific case The Borexino detector The SOX experiment The cerium experiment: CeSOX 2 Production Shielding and transport Signal and backgrounds The chromium experiment: CrSOX 3 Production Shielding and transport Signal and backgrounds Perspectives and conclusions 4 Compared sensitivity Source activity measurement Schedule and perspectives Conclusions Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 1 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino The scientific case The cerium experiment: CeSOX The Borexino detector The chromium experiment: CrSOX The SOX experiment Perspectives and conclusions Outlook SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino 1 The scientific case The Borexino detector The SOX experiment The cerium experiment: CeSOX 2 Production Shielding and transport Signal and backgrounds The chromium experiment: CrSOX 3 Production Shielding and transport Signal and backgrounds Perspectives and conclusions 4 Compared sensitivity Source activity measurement Schedule and perspectives Conclusions Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 1 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino The scientific case The cerium experiment: CeSOX The Borexino detector The chromium experiment: CrSOX The SOX experiment Perspectives and conclusions The scientific case 3 anomalies at the ∼ 3 σ level each LNSD [1] and MiniBooNE [2, 3] Calibration of radiochemical solar experiments [7, 8, 6] Short baseline reactor experiments [9, 10, 11, 13] The 3 anomalies point toward a new oscillation with | ∆ m 2 new | ∼ 0 . 1 − 5 eV 2 See talks of Patrick Huber, Michele Maltoni and Thierry Lasserre Krasnoyarsk−3 Krasnoyarsk−2 Krasnoyarsk PaloVerde Goesgen Goesgen Goesgen Bugey−4 Bugey−3 ROVNO CHOOZ Bugey3 Bugey3 1.1 ILL N OBS /(N EXP ) pred,new 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 1 2 3 10 10 10 Distance to Reactor (m) SOX goal: unambiguously test the short baseline oscillation hypothesis Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 2 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino The scientific case The cerium experiment: CeSOX The Borexino detector The chromium experiment: CrSOX The SOX experiment Perspectives and conclusions The Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) ref [12] Deep underground laboratory: 1400 m ⇒ 3800 m.w.e. and 1 . 2 muons h − 1 m − 2 Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 3 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino The scientific case The cerium experiment: CeSOX The Borexino detector The chromium experiment: CrSOX The SOX experiment Perspectives and conclusions The Borexino detector Water volume Muon veto and radioactivity shielding 2.1 kt, r=9 m, 208 PMT Buffer volume Radioactivity shielding 800 t, r=6.85m, 2212 PMT Nylon vessels 8.5 m Active volume Liquid scintillator (PC+PPO) 300 t, r=4.25m 1.05 m Stainless steel tanks Stainless steel plates 10 cm + 4 cm ref [12] Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 4 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino The scientific case The cerium experiment: CeSOX The Borexino detector The chromium experiment: CrSOX The SOX experiment Perspectives and conclusions The Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino experiment SOX: Deploy a neutrino and an antineutrino source under Borexino ref [15] ref [4] Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 5 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino The scientific case The cerium experiment: CeSOX The Borexino detector The chromium experiment: CrSOX The SOX experiment Perspectives and conclusions Neutrino and antineutrino sources Antineutrino source: Neutrino source: 144 Ce - 144 Pr 51 Cr β − decay: ¯ ν e up to Electron capture: 3 . 00 MeV 753 keV (90 % ) and 433 keV (10 % ) ν e 144 Ce half-life: 285 d Half-life: 27 . 7 day Extracted from nuclear spent fuel Produced by 285 d 144Ce neutron irradiation ß- Inverse beta decay 17 mn < 318 keV 144Pr of (stable) 50 Cr ß- < 913 keV Threshold 1 . 8 MeV 1 % ß- < 2301 keV Cross-section ∼ 10 Scattering on e − 1 % γ times higher than ν e 2185 keV Backgrounds: Coincidence between ß- < 2996 keV 0.7 % e + and neutron 97.9 % 210 Po , 210 Bi , and 696 7 Be solar ν e keV ∼ background free Activity: ∼ 10 MCi Activity: ∼ 100 kCi 144Nd ⇒ 2 kW ⇒ 0 . 8 kW Main issue: produce and bring the sources to LNGS Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 6 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino Production The cerium experiment: CeSOX Shielding and transport The chromium experiment: CrSOX Signal and backgrounds Perspectives and conclusions Outlook SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino 1 The scientific case The Borexino detector The SOX experiment The cerium experiment: CeSOX 2 Production Shielding and transport Signal and backgrounds The chromium experiment: CrSOX 3 Production Shielding and transport Signal and backgrounds Perspectives and conclusions 4 Compared sensitivity Source activity measurement Schedule and perspectives Conclusions Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 6 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino Production The cerium experiment: CeSOX Shielding and transport The chromium experiment: CrSOX Signal and backgrounds Perspectives and conclusions Production One company can produce such a source: the Russian FSUE Mayak PA. Start with 2 . 8 t of fresh spent fuel (1 . 65 year of cooling time) from Kola NPP 1 Cutting, digestion and PUREX � process ⇒ lanthanides and actinides concentrate 2 Displacement chromatography ⇒ extraction of all cerium isotopes ∼ 5 kg 3 Precipitation, calcination in CeO 2 , pressing, encapsulation and insertion in shield 4 Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 7 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino Production The cerium experiment: CeSOX Shielding and transport The chromium experiment: CrSOX Signal and backgrounds Perspectives and conclusions Shielding and transport 2 . 185 MeV γ ray with intensity 0 . 7 % 19 cm tungsten alloy shielding (2 . 4 t) density 18 g / cm 3 , leading to 5 × 10 − 7 attenuation Selected cask: MTR from Areva TN (21 t) Certification extension ongoing From Mayak to LNGS through France: train, boat, truck ; supervised by Areva TN Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 8 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino Production The cerium experiment: CeSOX Shielding and transport The chromium experiment: CrSOX Signal and backgrounds Perspectives and conclusions Signal and backgrounds 144 Ce− 144 Pr antineutrino emitted spectrum in secular equilibrium new = 2 . 5 eV 2 and sin 2 ( 2 θ ) = 0 . 16 ∆ m 2 0 10 Arbitrary Unit −1 10 −2 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 E ν (MeV) 500 No oscillations sin 2 (2 θ new ) = 0.10, ∆ m 2 new = 0.5 eV 2 450 sin 2 (2 θ new ) = 0.10, ∆ m 2 new = 2 eV 2 400 Counts per 0.10 m MeV −1 bin 350 300 250 Pattern in L and in E : shape-only signature 200 150 + disappearance measurement 100 Huge overburden and perfect material purity 50 0 ⇒ no backgrounds except geoneutrinos and 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Osc/No osc ratio 1 reactor neutrinos! 0.95 Simulations show no source induced 0.9 0.85 background 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 R/E (m MeV −1 ) Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 9 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino Production The cerium experiment: CeSOX Shielding and transport The chromium experiment: CrSOX Signal and backgrounds Perspectives and conclusions Outlook SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino 1 The scientific case The Borexino detector The SOX experiment The cerium experiment: CeSOX 2 Production Shielding and transport Signal and backgrounds The chromium experiment: CrSOX 3 Production Shielding and transport Signal and backgrounds Perspectives and conclusions 4 Compared sensitivity Source activity measurement Schedule and perspectives Conclusions Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 9 / 16
SOX: Short (distance neutrino) Oscillations with BoreXino Production The cerium experiment: CeSOX Shielding and transport The chromium experiment: CrSOX Signal and backgrounds Perspectives and conclusions Production ref [14] Re-use of Gallex Cr, 36 kg enriched in 50 Cr at 38 % Irradiation planned at Oak Ridge HFIR Simulations ongoing to optimize activity: currently with 2 back-to-back cycles, 5–6 MCi are reached Jonathan Gaffiot: CNRS / APC The SOX experiment 10 / 16
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