The Solar Revolution: Finally . . . It Begins Photon International, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Solar Revolution: Finally . . . It Begins

Photon International, December, 2007

Thin-Film PV Companies (USA) a-Si/Thin-Si CdTe CIS Uni-Solar – MI First Solar – OH Global Solar – AZ Applied Materials – CA PrimeStar Solar – CO Miasole – CA Power Films – IA AVA Solar – CO Energy PV – NJ Energy PV – NJ Solar Fields – OH Ascent Solar – CO MV Systems – CO Canrom – NY ISET – CA XsunX – CA Ascentool – CA ITN/ES – CO OptiSolar – CA Nuvo Solar Energy – CO Daystar – NY Signet Solar – CA Zia Watt Solar – TX Nanosolar – CA Nano PV – NJ Solexant – CA Heliovolt – TX MWOE Solar – OH Bloo Solar – CA Solo Power – CA Proto Flex – CO Solyndra – CA New Solar Ventures – NM Organic RESI – NJ Innovalight – CA Light Solar – NV Konarka – MA Nanogram – CA Ampulse – TN Plextronix – PA Soltaix – CA Stion – CA GPEC – NJ Xunlight Corp. - OH LumoFlex – GA MicroFab – TX Luna Innovations – VA

Terrestrial solar spectrum 8 9 1 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 Energy (eV)

Single-junction cells respond to a specific portion of the solar spectrum 8 9 1 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 Energy (eV)

Multijunction cells use multiple materials to more fully match the solar spectrum 8 9 1 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 Energy (eV) in

Concentrator Photovoltaics Use optics to reduce the cell area (from 2 to more than 1000 times) Flat Plate Concentrator lens or mirror solar cell Shifts the major system cost from the cell to the optics Can afford more efficient, expensive cells

CPV Companies (USA) Triple-Junction Modules/Systems High Efficiency Amonix - CA (cells/modules/systems) JX Crystals - WA SolFocus - CA Spectrolab - CA Practical Instruments - CA Emcore - NM Stellaris - MA MicroLink Devices - IL Soliant - CA Opel International - CT Energy Innovations - CA Midway Labs - IL Prism Solar Technologies - NY Enfocus Engineering - CA Solaria - CA Cool Earth Solar - CA Greenvolts Inc. - CA

CPV Systems Solar Systems (reflective) Amonix (refractive) www.amonix.com www.solarsystems.com.au Solfocus (reflective & optical rod) www.Solfocus.com

Low-Profile CPV Systems www.energyinnovations.com www.soliant-energy.com Energy Innovations (800-suns) Soliant Energy (500-suns) Commercial rooftops and utility targeted

Efficiency 100% multiple junction (n ∞ ) 74% { hot carrier, MEG 68% (multiple junction (n = 6) 58% thermal, thermo PV (TPV), thermionics 54% (multiple junction (n = 3) 49% Intermediate band, impurity PV, up-con- 44% verters impact ionisation 39% (multiple junction (n = 2) 31% down converters single-junction cell 0%

Polycrystalline Thin Film CSG Solar approach . high-T silicon . high-density contacts . good optics . deposit then process

Polycrystalline Thin Film CSG Solar approach . high-T silicon . high-density contacts . good optics . deposit then process • excellent structure for innovation value-added (multiple junction, quantum dot technology)

Si quantum dot photoluminescence Normalized PL Spectra (2-5 nm dots, 300K) 5nm (270s) 4nm (240s) 3nm (180s) 2nm (120s) 0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 Photon Energy (eV) 100nm 100nm