The Quantum The Quantum The Quantum and the and the and the Cosmos Cosmos Cosmos SUSY 2007 Karlsruhe July 2007 Rocky Kolb The University of Chicago
Cosmology 1000 Years Ago Cosmology 1000 Years Ago Cosmology 1000 Years Ago (and parts of present- -day U.S.) day U.S.) (and parts of present (and parts of present-day U.S.)
Inner Space/Outer Space Inner Space/Outer Space Inner Space/Outer Space
Pre- -Scientific Cosmological Models Scientific Cosmological Models Pre-Scientific Cosmological Models Pre
Space and Time Space and Time Space and Time Absolute space, in its own nature, without relation to anything external, remains always similar and immovable. Isaac Newton 1687 Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Space and Time Space and Time Space and Time Space & time are relative. Albert Einstein, 1905 Space & time are dynamical (curved, warped, bent). Albert Einstein, 1915
Modern Commandments of Genesis Modern Commandments of Genesis Modern Commandments of Genesis +Λ g μν cosmological term (dark energy) (10 nonlinear partial differential equations)
Gravity Geometry The universe is comprehensible!!! • A stationary universe • A cosmological term (or dark energy)
Edwin Hubble University of Chicago 1909 National Champions University of Chicago 1909 National Champions
Edwin Hubble 1929 Expands Expands Expands Space Space Space
The Universe Is Radiant The Universe Is Radiant The Universe Is Radiant Penzias & Wilson 1965 Temperature of the Universe is 3 K ( −270 C )
Complete History Complete History Complete History of the Universe of the Universe of the Universe (Abridged) (Abridged) (Abridged) fraction of a second later Hot Primordial Soup 380,000 years later Radiation Last Scattered 13.78 thousand-million years later Tonight
Composition Composition Composition Hubble Ultradeep Field 10,000 galaxies 50 thousand million visible to HST over entire sky We live in a Universe of galaxies
Periodic Table - - Chemist Chemist Periodic Table - Chemist Periodic Table
Periodic Table - - Cosmologist Cosmologist Periodic Table Periodic Table - Cosmologist Metals Metals
Visible Matter Visible Matter Visible Matter Today: 73% Hydrogen (10 -5 deuterium) 26% Helium (10 -5 3 He) 1% Metals Three minutes AB: 76% Hydrogen (10 -5 deuterium) 24% Helium (10 -5 3 He) 10 -8 % Lithium
The Visible Universe The Visible Universe The Visible Universe Spitzer Space Telescope M81
The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe v (km/s) observed 100 expected Vera Rubin from stars 50 5 10 R (kpc) M33 rotation curve
The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe Abel 2218 HST
0024+1654 HST
The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe Dark matter (50 times more than visible matter) Dark matter (50 times more than visible matter)
If We Could “ “See See” ” Dark Matter Dark Matter If We Could “See” Dark Matter If We Could Navarro, et al.
Dark Matter? Dark Matter? Dark Matter? We don’t see most of the matter—it’s dark! Some of the dark matter is a hot gas of hydrogen & helium But most of it doesn’t seem to be “normal” matter.
Dark Matter? Dark Matter? Dark Matter? • Newton’s (or Einstein’s) law of gravity is wrong • MACHOS (massive astronomical compact halo objects) – planets – dwarf stars (white, red, brown) – black holes • WIMPS (weakly interacting massive particles) – a new type of particle relic from the big bang
Complete History Complete History Complete History of the Universe of the Universe of the Universe (Abridged) (Abridged) (Abridged) fraction of a second later Hot Primordial Soup 380,000 years later Radiation Last Scattered 13.78 thousand-million years later Tonight
Inner Space - - The Quantum The Quantum Inner Space Inner Space - The Quantum CERN in Geneva CERN in Geneva Particle Accelerator = Time Machine = Telescope
Large Hadron Hadron Collider Collider (LHC) (LHC) Large Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
Inner Space - - The Quantum The Quantum Inner Space Inner Space - The Quantum Fermilab near Chicago Fermilab near Chicago Particle Accelerator = Time Machine = Telescope
Modern Cathedrals Modern Cathedrals Modern Cathedrals “Accelerators are the cathedrals of the modern age.” Robert R. Wilson, first Director of Fermilab The Fermilab main building was modeled after Beauvais Cathedral in France, and like the cathedral, dominates the countryside.
Galileo’ ’s Accelerator s Accelerator Galileo’s Accelerator Galileo
Primordial Soup Primordial Soup Primordial Soup KNOWN INGREDIENTS: KNOWN INGREDIENTS: 56% QUARKS 56% QUARKS 16% GLUONS 16% GLUONS 9% ELECTRON-LIKE PARTICLES 9% ELECTRON-LIKE PARTICLES 9% W’s AND Z’s 9% W’s AND Z’s 5% NEUTRINOS 5% NEUTRINOS 2% PHOTONS 2% PHOTONS 2% GRAVITONS 2% GRAVITONS 1% HIGGS BOSONS (to be discovered any day) 1% HIGGS BOSONS (to be discovered any day) SECRET INGREDIENT: SECRET INGREDIENT: DARK MATTER DARK MATTER
Make WIMPS in the Laboratory Make WIMPS in the Laboratory Make WIMPS in the Laboratory
Planned Thirty- -Meter Telescope Meter Telescope Planned Thirty-Meter Telescope Planned Thirty
Large Hadron Hadron Collider Collider (LHC) (LHC) Large Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Atlas Detector Atlas Detector
Karlsruhe group at CMS detector at LHC
LHC Seeks Supersymmetry Supersymmetry (SUSY) (SUSY) LHC Seeks Supersymmetry (SUSY) LHC Seeks
Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY BOSONS FERMIONS gluon gluino wino, zino W, Z photon photino Higgs Higgsino graviton gravitino squark quark selectron electron sneutrino neutrino
Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY 1975: Julius Wess (Karlsruhe) & Bruno Zumino (CERN) BOSONS SUSY FERMIONS Wess Zumino gluon gluino wino, zino W, Z photon photino Higgs Higgsino graviton gravitino squark quark selectron electron sneutrino neutrino
Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY 1975: Julius Wess (Karlsruhe) & Bruno Zumino (CERN) BOSONS SUSY FERMIONS Wess Zumino gluon gluino wino, zino W, Z photon photino Higgs Higgsino graviton gravitino squark quark selectron electron sneutrino neutrino
Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY 1975: Julius Wess (Karlsruhe) & Bruno Zumino (CERN) BOSONS SUSY FERMIONS Wess Zumino gluon gluino wino, zino W, Z photon photino Higgs Higgsino graviton gravitino squark quark selectron electron sneutrino neutrino Lightest superpartner stable → candidate for dark matter
Seeking SUSY Seeking SUSY Seeking SUSY • Accelerators CERN, Fermilab • Underground More than a dozen experiments • Telescopes Annihilation in sun, Earth, galaxy. . .
My Prediction My Prediction My Prediction 2:30 am, Tuesday July 27, 2010 Karlsruhe graduate student discovers the nature of the dark matter that holds our galaxy together
Yet More To Yet More To Yet More To The Dark Side The Dark Side The Dark Side Report to HEPAP 6 July 2006 Rocky Kolb
Dark Energy Dark Dark Energy Energy 1917 Einstein proposed cosmological constant. 1929 Hubble discovered expansion of the Universe. 1934 Einstein called it “my biggest blunder.” 1998 Astronomers found evidence for it.
The Dark Side of the Universe The Dark Side of the Universe The Dark Side of the Universe dark energy dominant distance expands forever ever slowing dark matter dominant collapses age of the universe
Unbearable Lightness of Nothing Unbearable Lightness of Nothing Unbearable Lightness of Nothing 10 –30 grams per cc
Quantum Quantum Quantum Uncertainty Uncertainty Uncertainty Vacuum Vacuum Vacuum in the in the in the W + W - e - e + quark anti-quark anti particle particle Nothing is Something! Nothing is Something! Nothing is Something!
Higgs in the Quantum Vacuum Higgs in the Quantum Vacuum Higgs in the Quantum Vacuum • The quantum vacuum has a Higgs potential • Higgs potential gives mass to quanta like quarks and electrons. × × … s k r a photon u q , Z , W , e × Nothing has energy Higgs potential: 246 Billion eV
electron volts (billions) ELECTROWEAK 0 100 200 300 HIGGS METER OFF E.W.
Extra Dimensions Extra Dimensions Extra Dimensions
“To me every hour of the light and dark is a miracle. Every cubic inch of space is a miracle.” – Walt Whitman Every cubic inch of space is a miracle! • cosmic radiation • dark matter • dark energy • virtual particles • Higgs potential • extra dimensions
The Dark Side of the Universe The Dark Side of the Universe The Dark Side of the Universe 95% of the Universe Is Dark!
The Quantum and the Cosmos The Quantum and the Cosmos The Quantum and the Cosmos
“When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.” – John Muir
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