Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security The Global Space Situational Awareness Sensors Project Brian Weeden Technical Advisor, Secure World Foundation Paul Cefola Adjunct Professor, University at Buffalo (SUNY) Jaganath Sankaran PhD Candidate, University of Maryland www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 1 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Secure World Foundation Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security • Non-profit operating foundation founded in 2004 • Funding comes from a private endowment • HQ just outside of Boulder, CO, offices in DC and Brussels Dedicated to the ensuring the long-term sustainability of space • • We inform, facilitate, and promote • Strong role policy development in both the international and domestic policy communities www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 2 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Overview Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security • Changes in the space regime and what it means for SSA What do we mean by “civil” SSA? • • Why SSA is inherently international and cooperative • Overview of this project • Preliminary Research – China – India • Future Work www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 3 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Paradigm shift in space regime… Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security • SSA was born during the Cold War as part of protecting the US and USSR from nuclear attacks – Nuclear threat progressed from airplanes to ballistic missiles (and satellites?) – Use of space for warning, intelligence, treaty verification – Two Super Powers controlled virtually all aspects of space • Today’s world is vastly different – 10 countries have indigenous space launch capability (Iran is the newest) – Over 70 entities operate satellites – 21,000+ pieces currently tracked, about 1,000 active payloads – Space is “crowded, congested, & contested” www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 4 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
…and its impact on SSA Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security Although the space regime is much different today, SSA has not kept • up – Still done primarily for military/national security purposes by the military – Bureaucracy/security needs have hampered upgrades and modernization, particularly for computer hardware/software and algorithms • Certain actions in space can have long-term negative consequences for all • All space actors (launching/operating satellites) need a basic level of data and analytical tools to operate in a safe & efficient manner • Most space actors do not have this basic data www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 5 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Civil vs Military SSA Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security Military SSA • Imaging • Characterization • Capabilities • Limitations • Intent Civil SSA • Metric data • Maneuver plans • Point of Contact • Space Weather www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 6 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
SSA is inherently international Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security • “Good” SSA requires a geographically distributed network of both radar and optical sensors and combining sensor observations with owner-operator data • Theoretically, building the sensor network can be done unilaterally – Large economic cost – Need “friends in the right places”, basing agreements – Long logistical tails • Every space actor needs a certain level of SSA for safe and efficient space activities, but few have the resources to build a complete network – Many actors can make partial contributions www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 7 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
The Global SSA Sensors Project Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security • Objective: To develop a database of global SSA sensors and networks – Based on open source information – Publicly accessible – Crowdsourced Rationale • – Increase awareness of global SSA capabilities and highlight opportunities and deficiencies – Enable analysis of future shared/collaborative/cooperative architectures – Leverage the “wisdom of the crowd” in compiling the data set www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 8 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security PRELIMINARY RESEARCH Chinese and Indian SSA sensors www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 9 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Chinese SSA Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security • Good public domain info on Chinese optical telescopes – Four major sites operated by Purple Mountain Observatory, each with multiple telescopes – These telescopes are also used for space debris research, and China has participated extensively in IADC work Little to no public domain info on radars • – Run by the PLA as opposed to optical sensors which have some civil use/control – But, the laws of physics apply equally to China, so we expect something similar to US/Russian networks in both composition and placement • China also maintains two Yuanwang tracking ships, used primarily to support human spaceflight www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 10 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Postulated Chinese Phased Array Network Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security Location Coordinates Maximum Range Sector in Azimuth NW China 87.5 E, 43.0 N 3000 km -60 to + 60 deg Kashi 76.02 E, 39.54 N 3000 km 180 to 359 deg Kunming 102.74 E, 24.99 N 3000 km 200 to 320 deg Hainan 109.4 E, 19.0 N 3000 km 120 to 240 deg Jiangxi 114.93 E, 26.8 N 3000 km 60 to 180 deg Changchun 125.69 E, 44.0 N 3000 km 0 to 120 deg Xuanhua,Hebei Prov. 115.04 E, 40.61 N 3000 km -60 to +60 deg Henan, Province 112.97 E, 34.76 N 2500 km 30 to 150 deg www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 11 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Google Earth image of Chinese phased array Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 12 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Indian SSA sensors Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security • Little is known about Indian SSA capabilities, however they can be presumed to be at least developing them – India has a substantial investment in civil space systems to support its socioeconomic development – India recently made a substantial shift towards “prestige” space missions (human spaceflight and robotic exploration) – India has also made a dramatic shift in military use of space after 2007 Chinese ASAT test, including hit-to-kill ballistic missile defense and ASAT programs • India currently has deployed two Swordfish radars for BMD (and SSA?) – Based on Israeli EL/M-2080 Green Pine transportable AESA radars delivered to India in 2002 – Stationed NE of Bangalore (South central India) and Konark (NE coast) www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 13 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Google Earth image of a Swordfish site Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security Israeli Green Pine Swordfish Radar housed in protective dome www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 14 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 15 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Initial Conclusions Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security • For civil SSA, the issue does not appear to be a lack of sensors or capabilities • There is a global deficit in knowledge about what sensors/networks are available and their capabilities There is a lack of technical/political capability to combine or share • data between sensors/networks • There are significant hurdles to overcome with data sharing, but none appear to be insurmountable www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 16 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Future Work Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security • Phase 1: Compile first version of the database – Sensor/network name, location, type, capabilities Phase 2: Create Internet-accessible version of database • – Crowdsource updates/corrections – Hope to get countries involved in showcasing their capabilities – Visualizations (Google Earth layer?) • Phase 3: Analysis of shared/collaborative SSA and pros/cons of various sensor/network combinations – Prize for best analysis? (empower and leverage the crowd) • Need to quantify operational capabilities of sensors/networks www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 17 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security Questions? bweeden@swfound.org www.SecureWorldFoundation.org 18 AMOS Conference, 15-17 Sept. 2010
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